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Table 1 Baseline Demographics, Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Parameters

From: Epicardial adipose tissue is related to arterial stiffness and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Variable

Group 1 CVD and DM (n = 34)

Group 2 No CVD with DM (n = 54)

Group 3 CVD without DM (n = 28)

Group 4 No CVD or DM (n = 29)

p value

Male

28 (82.4)* o

29 (53.7)

20 (71.4)

12 (41.4)

0.003

Age (years)

64.6 ± 6.6

62.4 ± 8.1+

67.6 ± 8.6

62.1 ± 8.0

0.022

BMI (kg/m2)

31.0 ± 4.2*

31.0 ± 4.6*

29.2 ± 3.6

27.9 ± 3.7

0.007

Diabetes duration (years)

10.3 ± 4.8

9.0 ± 6.2

N/A

N/A

0.33

Current/Ex-smoker

25 (73.5)

27 (50.0)

16 (57.1)

15 (51.7)

0.16

Hypertension

27 (79.4)*

34 (63.0)*

24 (85.7)*

7 (24.1)

< 0.001

Stroke

5 (14.7)*o

0 (0)

2 (7.1)

0 (0)

0.008

LEAD

9 (26.5)* o

0 (0)

5 (17.9) o

0 (0)

< 0.001

CAD

25 (73.5)*

0 (0)

22 (78.6)*o

0 (0)

0.001

Atrial Fibrillation

1 (2.9)

1 (1.9)

1 (3.6)

2 (6.9)

0.69

ACE Inhibitor

21 (61.8)*o

17 (30.4)

15 (53.6)*

3 (10.3)

< 0.001

Beta Blocker

15 (44.1)*o

6 (11.1)

12 (42.9)*o

1 (3.4)

< 0.001

Statin

30 (88.2)*

39 (72.2)*

22 (78.6)*

7 (24.1)

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

126.3 ± 12.5

134.0 ± 14.2

130.7 ± 13.6

132.7 ± 19.1

0.13

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.2 ± 7.1*o

78.0 ± 7.4

75.5 ± 8.5

81.0 ± 9.0

0.001

Total Cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.7 ± 0.8*

4.0 ± 0.8*

4.0 ± 0.7*

5.1 ± 0.9

< 0.001

LDL Cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.7 ± 0.5*

2.0 ± 0.8*

2.0 ± 0.6*

2.8 ± 0.8

< 0.001

HDL Cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.1 ± 0.3*

1.3 ± 0.3*

1.3 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.4

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

2.1 ± 1.0+

1.7 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.8

1.7 ± 1.0

0.06

Serum Creatinine (μmol/l)

84.4 ± 22.6*o

73.3 ± 17.3

82.5 ± 19.1

70.6 ± 15.3

0.006

HbA1c (mmol/l)

7.5 ± 1.1*+

7.2 ± 1.1*+

5.5 ± 0.2

5.6 ± 0.2

< 0.001

PWV (m/s)

11.4 ± 3.0

11.1 ± 2.7

11.1 ± 2.4

9.9 ± 2.4

0.12

EAT (cm2)

15.9 ± 5.5*

13.5 ± 3.5

15.1 ± 4.3*

11.8 ± 4.1

0.001

LVMI (g/m2)

61.7 ± 9.8*

55.5 ± 10.6

59.8 ± 10.0*

52.5 ± 8.4

0.001

LVEF (%)

64.6 ± 10.5

65.9 ± 8.9

64.6 ± 10.6

66.0 ± 7.4

0.86

LVEDVI (ml/m2)

70.6 ± 12.4

67.0 ± 12.9+

75.5 ± 20.4

68.7 ± 9.9

0.07

LVESVI (ml/m2)

25.4 ± 9.8

23.2 ± 9.0

28.0 ± 16.4

23.5 ± 6.7

0.24

LGE (%)

9 (26.5)

3 (5.6)

11 (39.3)

0 (0)

< 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; CAD coronary artery disease, LEAD lower extremity arterial disease; ACE angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker; PWV pulse wave velocity; LVM left ventricular mass index; LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume; SV stroke volume; LGE late gadolinium enhancement
  2. Categorical data presented as number (percentage), continuous data presented as mean ± SD
  3. *p < 0.05 vs. group 4 (no DM or CVD); +p < 0.05 vs. group 3 (CVD without DM); op < 0.05 vs. group 2 (DM without CVD)
  4. Figures in bold p < 0.05
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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