Smartphones in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review

Table 3 Levels of evidence and outcome measures in cardiac rehabilitation studies

	Worringham, 2011	Forman, 2014	Varnfield, 2011	Blasco, 2012	Varnfield, 2014
Country of Origin	Australia	USA	Australia	Spain	Australia
Levels of evidence
Design	FUU	FUU	FUU	RCT	RCT
Level of Evidence*	IV	IV	IV	II	II
CASP score	n/a	n/a	n/a	7	8
Theoretical framework			✓		✓
Outcome measures
Technology
Feasibility	✓	✓	✓	✓
Usability	✓	✓	✓
Technical problems	✓		✓		✓
Acceptability		✓	✓	✓	✓
Engagement	✓	✓
Adherence	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Usage			✓
Task completion		✓
Patient
Uptake	✓		✓		✓
PROs		✓
Program completion	✓				✓
Qualitative feedback	✓	✓	✓
CV risk improvement				✓
Physical activity			✓	✓	✓
Step counter			✓		✓
6MWT	✓				✓
Nutrition			✓	✓	✓
Smoking status				✓
Psychological distress					✓
Depression	✓				✓
Anxiety				✓	✓
QOL	✓			✓	✓
Self-efficacy
BP and HR			✓	✓	✓
Weight			✓		✓
BMI				✓	✓
Waist circumference					✓
HbA1_c				✓	✓
Plasma lipid level				✓	✓
PVO₂
Medication adherence
Economic evaluation					✓

Key: ✓ Outcome measured, FUU Feasibility, Utility and Uptake study, RCT Randomised Control Trial, n/a Not applicable, CASP Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, PROs Patient reported outcomes, CV Cardiovascular, 6MWT Six minute walk test, QOL Quality of life, BP Blood pressure, HR Heart rate, BMI Body mass index, HbA1_c Haemoglobin A1_c, PVO₂ Peak oxygen uptake. *National Health and Medical Research Council's (NHMRC) Evidence Hierarch [28].

ISSN: 1471-2261