Table 3 Pedictors of pre-hypertension compared to normal blood pressure
From: Prehypertension and psychosocial risk factors among university students in ASEAN countries
Sociodemographics | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|
  Age in years | ||
  18–19 | 1 (Reference) | --- |
  20–21 | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) |  |
  22–30 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) |  |
 Gender | ||
  Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Male | 2.70 (2.32–3.14)*** | 2.56 (2.17–3.02)*** |
 Economic family background | ||
  Wealthy | 1 (Reference) | --- |
  Poor | 0.92 (0.79–1.09) |  |
 Country income | ||
  Upper middle income | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Lower middle income | 0.52 (0.45–0.60)*** | 0.52 (0.42–0.64)*** |
 Living arrangement | ||
  Lives with parents/guardians | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Lives away from parents/guardians | 1.38 (1.16–1.64)*** | 1.39 (1.03–1.89)* |
Nutrition variables | ||
 Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||
  Normal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Underweight | 0.64 (0.51–0.79)*** | 0.67 (0.52–0.87)** |
  Overweight | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) |
  Obese | 2.28 (1.84–2.82)*** | 1.94 (1.55–2.43)*** |
Usually eat salt | 0.77 (0.65–0.91)** | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) |
Avoid foods containing fat and cholesterol | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | --- |
Insufficient fruits and vegetables | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | --- |
Soft drinks (once or more a week)1 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61)** | 1.56 (1.27–1.92)*** |
Fast food (once or more a week)1 | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | --- |
Red meat at least once a day | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | --- |
 Chocolate or candy1 | ||
  Never or rarely | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  1–6 times a week | 0.73 (0.60–0.88)** | 0.74 (0.60–0.90)** |
  Once or more times a day | 0.70 (0.53–0.91)** | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) |
Health behaviour | ||
 Physical activity | ||
  Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Moderate | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) |
  High | 1.36 (1.08–1.71)** | 1.25 (0.98–1.59) |
Current tobacco use | 1.65 (1.16–1.64)** | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
Heavy drinking at least monthly | 1.96 (1.32–2.54)*** | 1.91 (1.43–2.54)*** |
 Sleep duration | ||
  7–8 h | 1 (Reference) | --- |
  6 or less hours | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) |  |
  9 or more hours | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) |  |
Psychosocial stress and support | ||
 Depression (severe) | 1.51 (1.20–1.90)*** | 1.32 (1.00–1.76)* |
 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | --- |
 Life satisfaction | ||
  Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  Medium | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) |
  High | 0.71 (0.60–0.84)*** | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) |
 Social support | ||
  Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
  High | 0.80 (0.69–0.93)** | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) |