Table 2 Geometric mean of C-peptide according to the exposure variables
Variables | C-peptide geometric mean | CI95% | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | < 0.001 | ||
Male | 0.76 | 0.73–0.78 | |
Female | 1.19 | 1.13–1.25 | |
Income (multiples of minimum wage) | < 0.001* | ||
< 1 | 0.76 | 0.72–0.80 | |
1.1–3.0 | 0.81 | 0.86–0.84 | |
3.1–6.0 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.95 | |
> 6.0 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.95 | |
Mother’s education (years) | 0.024 | ||
0–4 | 0.79 | 0.76–0.82 | |
5–8 | 0.83 | 0.79–0.85 | |
9–11 | 0.89 | 0.83–0.96 | |
≥ 12 | 0.85 | 0.79–0.91 | |
Mother’s age (years) | 0.872 | ||
< 20 | 0.81 | 0.77–0.87 | |
20–29 | 0.82 | 0.80–0.85 | |
≥ 30 | 0.83 | 0.80–0.87 | |
Mother’s skin color | < 0.001 | ||
White | 0.85 | 0.83–0.87 | |
Non-white | 0.73 | 0.69–0.77 | |
Maternal smoking | 0.925 | ||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.79–0.86 | |
No | 0.83 | 0.80–0.85 | |
Maternal diabetes | 0.503 | ||
Yes | 0.72 | 0.40–0.77 | |
No | 0.83 | 0.81–0.85 | |
Maternal hypertension | 0.909 | ||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.75–0.91 | |
No | 0.82 | 0.80–0.84 | |
Maternal weight gain during pregnancy | 0.349 | ||
Insufficient | 0.83 | 0.77–0.84 | |
Adequate | 0.82 | 0.74–0.87 | |
Excessive | 0.86 | 0.80–0.88 | |
Type of childbirth | 0.616 | ||
Vaginal | 0.82 | 0.80–0.84 | |
Cesarean section | 0.83 | 0.79–0.87 | |
Birthweight (grams) | 0.897 | ||
< 2500 | 0.81 | 0.74–0.89 | |
2500–2999 | 0.82 | 0.78–0.86 | |
3000–3499 | 0.83 | 0.80–0.86 | |
≥ 3500 | 0.82 | 0.78–0.85 | |
Intrauterine growth restriction | 0.135 | ||
Yes | 0.80 | 0.74–0.85 | |
No | 0.84 | 0.81–0.86 | |
Breastfeeding (months) | 0.557 | ||
< 1 | 0.81 | 0.76–0.85 | |
1–2.9 | 0.84 | 0.80–0.88 | |
3–5.9 | 0.81 | 0.77–0.85 | |
≥ 6 | 0.83 | 0.79–0.87 | |
Rapid growth (0–2 years old) | 0.238 | ||
Yes | 0.82 | 0.79–0.85 | |
No | 0.85 | 0.81–0.89 | |
Increased weight gain rate (2–4 years old) | 0.124 | ||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.81–0.85 | |
No | 0.91 | 0.80–1.03 | |