Table 1 Population demographics of the participants
Volunteer Demographics | Group 1 CVD+ DM+ | Group 2 CVD- DM+ | Group 3 CVD+ DM- | Group 4 CVD- DM- | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 23 | 41 | 25 | 25 | |
Age (years) | 64 ± 7 | 62 ± 9 | 68 ± 9** | 62 ± 8 | 0.18 |
Male | 18(78) | 24 (59) | 17 (68) | 10 (40) | 0.05 |
Height (m) | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 1.68 ± 0.09 | 1.66 ± 0.08 | 1.67 ± 0.10 | 0.33 |
Waist (cm) | 106 ± 11^ | 104 ± 11^ | 98 ± 12 | 94 ± 14 | <0.001 |
Hip (cm) | 108.9 ± 8.5^ | 109.8 ± 9.3^ | 103.8 ± 8.7 | 104.2 ± 8.3 | 0.006 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30 ± 4 | 30 ± 5 | 29 ± 3 | 28 ± 4 | 0.27 |
Current/ex smoker | 16 (70) | 21 (51) | 14 (56) | 13 (52) | 0.43 |
Hypertension | 17 (74)* | 23 (56)* | 21 (84)** | 7 (28) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 ± 12 | 135 ± 13 | 137 ± 17 | 135 ± 15 | 0.96 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 ± 8 | 77 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 78 ± 9 | 0.14 |
Total cholesterol (mmmo/L) | 3.85 ± 0.89* | 3.92 ± 0.78* | 4.08 ± 0.67* | 5.07 ± 1.0* | <0.001 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.71 ± 0.51* | 1.97 ± 0.74* | 2.07 ± 0.66* | 2.69 ± 0.79 | <0.001 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.14 ± 0.33* | 1.21 ± 0.29* | 1.29 ± 0.45* | 1.53 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.11 ± 1.01 | 1.64 ± 0.72 | 1.55 ± 0.79 | 1.86 ± 1.07 | 0.06 |
Creatinine (mg/mL) | 81 ± 21 | 73 ± 19 | 82 ± 19 | 71 ± 16 | 0.007 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 7.6 ± 1.3^ | 7.3 ± 1.3^ | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Medications | |||||
Antihypertensive | 19 (83)** | 30 (73)* | 19 (76)** | 7 (28) | <0.001 |
Statin | 18 (78)* | 23 (56)* | 23 (92)** | 8 (33) | <0.001 |
Prior cardiovascular eventa | |||||
CAD | 18 (81) | 17 (74) | |||
Cerebrovascular | 3 (14) | 4 (17) | |||
LEAD | 2 (9) | 6 (26) | |||
Cardiac MRI | |||||
LVM (g/m2) | 61 ± 9** | 55 ± 9 | 59 ± 9* | 53 ± 9 | <0.001 |
LVEDV (ml/m2) | 71 ± 10 | 67 ± 12 | 73 ± 12 | 68 ± 10 | 0.14 |
LVESV (ml/m2) | 25 ± 11 | 23 ± 8 | 26 ± 11 | 23 ± 7 | 0.49 |
LVEF (%) | 65 ± 11 | 65 ± 8 | 65 ± 10 | 67 ± 7 | 0.95 |