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Table 1 Baseline Demographic & Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population

From: Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome and Survival among Heart Failure Patients in Tanzania: A Prospective Cohort Study

Characteristic

All Patients (n = 455)

CRAS (n = 202)

Non-CRAS (n = 253)

p-Value

Demographics

- Age, mean (SD), years

46.4 (18.9)

48.1 (17.8)

45.0 (19.7)

 

- Age groups

   

0.09

  < 30

112 (24.6)

42 (20.8)

70 (27.7)

0.09

 30–50

140 (30.8)

65 (32.2)

75 (29.6)

0.56

  > 50

203 (44.6)

95 (47.0)

108 (42.7)

0.35

- Female sex, no (%)

257 (56.5)

124 (61.4)

133 (52.6)

0.06

- Primary education (%)

319 (70.1)

136 (67.3)

183 (72.3)

0.25

- Self-employment (%)

226 (49.7)

99 (49.0)

127 (50.2)

0.80

- Urban residence (%)

303 (66.6)

132 (65.4)

171 (67.6)

0.61

- Ever smoker (%)

49 (10.8)

22 (10.9)

27 (10.7)

0.95

- Health insurance (%)

97 (21.3)

41 (20.3)

56 (22.1)

0.64

Vital sign, mean (SD)

- Respiratory Rate, breaths/min

24.1 (6.5)

23.9 (6.5)

24.3 (6.5)

0.48

- Heart rate, beats/min

98.5 (22.2)

94.5 (21.0)

101.7 (22.7)

<0.001

- Systolic BP, mmHg

132.4 (35.9)

144.7 (40.2)

122.5 (28.5)

<0.001

- Diastolic BP, mmHg

82.3 (24.7)

87.2 (26.6)

78.4 (22.3)

<0.001

- Oxygen saturation, %

96.3 (7.6)

96.5 (7.6)

96.2 (7.6)

0.64

- NYHA III&IV (%)

420 (92.3)

188 (93.1)

232 (91.7)

0.58

- BMI, kg/m2

25.1 (5.2)

25.6 (4.7)

24.8 (5.6)

0.13

Serum concentration, mean (SD)

- Hemoglobin, g/dL

10.3 (3.1)

8.3 (2.3)

9.9 (2.1)a

<0.001

- Mean Cell Volume, fL

82.9 (9.0)

81.5 (8.4)

84.0 (9.4)

<0.01

- Mean Cell Hemoglobin, pg/cell

26.6 (3.6)

25.9 (3.1)

27.1 (4.0)

<0.001

- Creatinine, μmol/L

446.3 (679.1)

870.1 (838.2)

278.2 (224.0)b

<0.001

- Total cholesterol, mg/dl

4.2 (2.2)

5.0 (2.4)

3.6 (1.8)

<0.001

- LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

3.2 (2.0)

3.9 (2.1)

2.5 (1.7)

<0.001

- HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

1.0 (0.4)

0.9 (0.5)

1.0 (0.4)

0.25

- Sodium, mmol/L

132.0 (8.3)

131.3 (8.8)

132.6 (7.9)

0.9

 Hyponatremia (%)

232 (54.7)

112 (59.3)

120 (51.1)

0.09

- Potassium, mmol/L

4.4 (1.3)

4.9 (1.5)

4.1 (1.0)

0.9

 Hypokalemia (%)

80 (18.4)

28 (14.5)

52 (21.6)

0.06

 Hyperkalemia (%)

130 (30.0)

87 (45.1)

43 (17.8)

<0.001

- Calcium, mmol/L

2.1 (0.3)

2.1 (0.3)

2.1 (0.2)

1

 Hypocalcemia (%)

169 (48.8)

94 (54.3)

75 (43.4)

0.04

- Magnesium, mmol/L

0.9 (0.2)

0.9 (0.2)

0.8 (0.1)

1

 Hypomagnesemia (%)

41 (16.1)

14 (11.0)

27 (21.1)

0.03

Comorbid conditions

- Hypertension (%)

246 (54.1)

143 (70.8)

103 (40.7)

<0.001

- Diabetes (%)

67 (14.7)

42 (20.8)

25 (9.9)

<0.01

- HIV (%)

31 (6.8)

18 (8.9)

13 (5.1)

0.11

Admission Duration, mean, days (SD)

13.9 (13.0)

14.4 (11.0)

13.5 (14.5)

0.42

  1. a and b represents anemic (n = 129) and renal insufficiency (n = 34) subgroups amongst non-CRAS participants respectively