Aortic stiffening precedes onset of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction

Table 5 Baseline characteristics for diabetic subset

Variable	Group 1: Diabetic HFpEF (n = 43)	Group 2: Diabetic Diastolic Dysfunction (n = 21)	p-value
Age (years)	66.0 ± 9.40	66.9 ± 10.2	0.73
Gender (% Female)	65.1	71.4	0.61
Race (% African American)	34.9	28.6	0.61
Body Surface Area (m²)	2.0 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.2	0.19
Tobacco Use (%)	65.9	66.7	0.95
Alcohol Use (%)	37.5	57.1	0.14
Hypertension (%)	95.3	85.7	0.18
Coronary Artery Disease (%)	72.1	47.6	0.06
Atrial Fibrillation (%)	30.2	14.3	0.17
Beta Blockers (%)	79.1	57.1	0.07
Calcium Channel Blockers (%)	32.6	23.8	0.47
ACE Inhibitors (%)	27.9	14.3	0.23
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (%)	27.9	28.6	0.96
Mild Diastolic Dysfunction (%)	23.3	9.5	0.16^*
Moderate Diastolic Dysfunction (%)	76.7	85.7
Severe Diastolic Dysfunction (%)	0.0	4.8

Note: Continuous data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables expressed as percentage
^* p-value calculated using Fisher’s Exact Test for a 2x3 contingency table

ISSN: 1471-2261