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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to diabetes status

From: Galectin-3 and fibulin-1 in systolic heart failure - relation to glucose metabolism and left ventricular contractile reserve

Demographics

DM (n = 60)

Non-DM (n = 95)

P value

Age, years

70.8 (9.6)

69.7 (10.8)

0.54

Sex (female/male), %

32/68

33/67

0.90

IHD, n (%)

40 (67)

52 (55)

0.20

NYHA I + II vs. III + IV, %

77/23

85/15

0.21

AF, n (%)

18 (30)

21 (22)

0.30

Systolic BP, mmHg

134 (110–151)

135 (120–146)

0.58

Heart rate, beats/min

73 (66–81)

69 (60–81)

0.03

Metabolism

 BMI, kg/m2

28.1 (5.4)

26.3 (5.0)

0.05

 FPG, mmol/L

6.9 (1.4)

5.7 (0.5)

<0.001

 2hPG (mmol/l)

11.7 (2.9)

6.6 (1.9)

<0.001

 HbA1C, mmol/mol

49 (12)

40 (4)

<0.001

 HOMA-IR

2.8 (1.5–5.8)

1.7 (1.0–2,8)

<0.001

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.0 (1.0)

4.4 (1.1)

0.02

 Estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

68 (26)

74 (19)

0.10

Biomarkers

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL

1111 (418–2227)

771 (310–1854)

0.08

 Gal-3, ng/ml

17.9 (12.9–26.1)

15.6 (12.6–19.3)

0.02

 Fibulin-1, μg/ml

60 (19)

55 (13)

0.07

Echocardiographic variables

 LVEF rest, %

34 (29–41)

39 (33–45)

0.003

 S’ (rest), cm/s

5.2 (4.5–6.5)

5.7 (4.8–6.4)

0.10

 E, cm/s

81.6 (62.2–99.7)

72.9 (60.0–92.4)

0.31

 e’, cm/s

5.9 (4.6–7.5)

6.6 (5.5–8.7)

0.03

 E/e’ (rest) per unit

12.2 (9.6–16.5)

10.2 (8.1–15.4)

0.007

 LVEF stress, %

40 (34–47)

49 (40–57)

<0.001

 LV contractile reserve, %

7 (2–10)

10 (4–15)

0.01

 S’ (stress), cm/s

8.3 (6.3–9.6)

7.3 (5.7–8.5)

0.03

Medical treatment

 ACE/AngII-inhibitors, n, (%)

85 (89)

48 (80)

0.10

 β-blocker, n (%)

53 (88)

72 (76)

0.05

 Loop diuretic dose, mg/24 h

60 (0–80)

0 (0–60)

0.001

  1. Oral glucose tolerance test was only performed in the non-diabetic HF patient. 2hPG: 2 h plasma glucose. AF Atrial fibrillation; BMI Body mass index; BSA Body surface area E Peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; e’; early diastolic longitudinal tissue velocities; FPG Fasting plasma glucose; Gal-3 Galectin-3; GFR Glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment of Insulin Resistance. IHD Ischemic heart disease; LV left ventricular; LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP N-terminal pro B-natriuretic peptide; NYHA NYHA functional class; S’ Systolic longitudinal tissue velocity