Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of baPWV
From: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in general population: the APAC study
| Variables | baPWV < 1400cm/s (n = 1965) | baPWV ≥ 1400cm/s (n = 3216) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 48.14 ± 6.39 | 59.45 ± 12.28 | <0.0001 |
| Male, n | 944 (48.04) | 2164 (67.29) | <0.0001 |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Illiteracy/Primary School | 97 (4.94) | 541 (16.82) | <0.0001 |
| Middle School | 856 (43.56) | 1439 (44.75) | |
| High School or Higher | 1012 (51.50) | 1236 (38.43) | |
| Income, n (%) | |||
| < ¥1000 | 530 (26.97) | 709 (22.05) | <0.0001 |
| ¥1000–3000 | 1278 (65.04) | 2153 (66.95) | |
| > ¥3000 | 157 (7.99) | 354 (11.01) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.05 ± 3.09 | 25.12 ± 3.34 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.36 ± 9.55 | 87.80 ± 9.33 | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 118.78 ± 14.16 | 138.99 ± 19.22 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 79.11 ± 9.62 | 85.15 ± 11.25 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.24 ± 0.96 | 5.80 ± 1.73 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.42 ± 0.64 | 1.60 ± 0.73 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 1.25 | 1.78 ± 1.50 | <0.0001 |
| High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.67 ± 0.47 | 1.60 ± 0.44 | <0.0001 |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.54 ± 0.66 | 2.68 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 |
| High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein | 1.51 ± 2.83 | 2.51 ± 4.79 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 427 (21.73) | 2073 (64.46) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 94 (4.78) | 535 (16.64) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| Never | 1334 (67.89) | 1899 (59.05) | <0.0001 |
| Former | 59 (3.00) | 232 (7.21) | |
| Current | 572 (29.11) | 1085 (33.74) | |
| Alcohol abuse, n (%) | |||
| Never | 1401 (71.30) | 1993 (61.97) | <0.0001 |
| Former | 18 (0.92) | 63 (1.96) | |
| Current | 546 (27.79) | 1160 (36.07) | |
| Physical Activity, n (%) | |||
| Inactive | 877 (44.63) | 1210 (37.62) | <0.0001 |
| Moderately Active | 561 (28.55) | 751 (23.35) | |
| Very Active | 527 (26.82) | 1255 (39.02) | |
| Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 261 (13.28) | 1010 (31.41) | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic Syndrome Components | |||
| Central Obesity, n (%) | 907 (46.16) | 1838 (57.15) | <0.0001 |
| Raised Triglycerides, n (%) | 523 (26.62) | 1152 (35.82) | <0.0001 |
| Reduced High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, n (%) | 169 (8.60) | 419 (13.03) | <0.0001 |
| Raised Blood Pressure, n (%) | 378 (19.24) | 1820 (56.59) | <0.0001 |
| Raised Fasting Plasma Glucose, n (%) | 455 (23.16) | 1267 (39.40) | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic Syndrome (No. of Components) | |||
| 0, n (%) | 608 (30.94) | 394 (12.25) | <0.0001 |
| 1, n (%) | 644 (32.77) | 751 (23.35) | |
| 2, n (%) | 427 (21.73) | 959 (29.82) | |
| 3, n (%) | 216 (10.99) | 681 (21.18) | |
| 4, n (%) | 64 (3.26) | 371 (11.54) | |
| 5, n (%) | 6 (0.31) | 60 (1.87) | |