Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of baPWV

Age (year)

48.14 ± 6.39

59.45 ± 12.28

<0.0001

Male, n

944 (48.04)

2164 (67.29)

<0.0001

 Illiteracy/Primary School

97 (4.94)

541 (16.82)

<0.0001

 Middle School

856 (43.56)

1439 (44.75)

 High School or Higher

1012 (51.50)

1236 (38.43)

 < ¥1000

530 (26.97)

709 (22.05)

<0.0001

 ¥1000–3000

1278 (65.04)

2153 (66.95)

 > ¥3000

157 (7.99)

354 (11.01)

Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

24.05 ± 3.09

25.12 ± 3.34

<0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

83.36 ± 9.55

87.80 ± 9.33

<0.0001

Waist-to hip ratio

0.86 ± 0.06

0.89 ± 0.06

<0.0001

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

118.78 ± 14.16

138.99 ± 19.22

<0.0001

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

79.11 ± 9.62

85.15 ± 11.25

<0.0001

Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)

5.24 ± 0.96

5.80 ± 1.73

<0.0001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.42 ± 0.64

1.60 ± 0.73

<0.0001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.50 ± 1.25

1.78 ± 1.50

<0.0001

High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.67 ± 0.47

1.60 ± 0.44

<0.0001

Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.54 ± 0.66

2.68 ± 0.78

<0.0001

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

1.51 ± 2.83

2.51 ± 4.79

<0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

427 (21.73)

2073 (64.46)

<0.0001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

94 (4.78)

535 (16.64)

<0.0001

 Never

1334 (67.89)

1899 (59.05)

<0.0001

 Former

59 (3.00)

232 (7.21)

 Current

572 (29.11)

1085 (33.74)

 Never

1401 (71.30)

1993 (61.97)

<0.0001

 Former

18 (0.92)

63 (1.96)

 Current

546 (27.79)

1160 (36.07)

 Inactive

877 (44.63)

1210 (37.62)

<0.0001

 Moderately Active

561 (28.55)

751 (23.35)

 Very Active

527 (26.82)

1255 (39.02)

Metabolic Syndrome, n (%)

261 (13.28)

1010 (31.41)

<0.0001

 Central Obesity, n (%)

907 (46.16)

1838 (57.15)

<0.0001

 Raised Triglycerides, n (%)

523 (26.62)

1152 (35.82)

<0.0001

 Reduced High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, n (%)

169 (8.60)

419 (13.03)

<0.0001

 Raised Blood Pressure, n (%)

378 (19.24)

1820 (56.59)

<0.0001

 Raised Fasting Plasma Glucose, n (%)

455 (23.16)

1267 (39.40)

<0.0001

 0, n (%)

608 (30.94)

394 (12.25)

<0.0001

 1, n (%)

644 (32.77)

751 (23.35)

 2, n (%)

427 (21.73)

959 (29.82)

 3, n (%)

216 (10.99)

681 (21.18)

 4, n (%)

64 (3.26)

371 (11.54)

 5, n (%)

6 (0.31)

60 (1.87)