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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

From: Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Study

Year

Age (years)

Participants (%men)

Duration (years)

Hyperuricemia definition (mg/dl)

Confounding factors

Outcome definition

NOS score

CHA-W [21]

1989

35–64

6797 white women in USA

11.5

Per 1 mg/dl increase

Age, weight, smoking, DBP, cholesterol, antihypertensive drugs, ECG abnormalities

ICD-8 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

NHANES-I [22]

2000

25–74 (48.1)

5962 (45.6) non-institutionalized population in USA

16.4

M: 7.0; W: 5.6; Per 1 mg/dl increase

Age, race, BMI, cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, DM, diuretic use

ICD-9 codes on death certificates, and/or a proxy interview

4/2/3

Tomita [23]

2000

25–60

49,413 male railroad workers in Japan

5.4

M: 6.5

Age

ICD-9 codes on health and pension records

3/1/3

Belgian study [24]

2001

25–74

9710 (53.9) subjects in Belgia

10

M: 7.0; W: 5.4

M:age, DBP, educational level, smoking, alcohol; W:age, cholesterol, SBP, BMI, smoking, alcohol, DM

ICD-9 codes on hospital records

4/2/3

KMIC [25]

2004

44.6 ± 8.7

22,698 men in Korea

9

M: 7.0

Age, DM, hypertension, cholesterol, smoking

Death certificates

4/2/3

Baibas [26]

2005

≥25

1198 (42) adults in rural Greece

14

Per 1 mg/dl increase

Age, village, educational level, weight, smoking, alcohol, SBP, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides

ICD-9 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

Atomic bomb Study [27]

2005

20–89 (48.6)

10,615 (36.4) Japanese atomic bomb survivors

24.9

M: 7.0; W: 6.0

Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, SBP, DM, cholesterol, histories of hypertension, kidney disease; malignant tumor; estimated radiation dose

ICD-7 to 10 codes on death certificates

3/2/3

Israeli male Study [28]

2006

49 ± 7

9125 men in Israel

23

M: 5.6

age, BMI, SBP, DM, smoking, LVH on ECG, cholesterol

ICD-9 codes on death certificates and hospital records

4/2/3

MRFIT [29]

2008

41–63

9105 men in USA

17

M: 7.0

Clinical center, age, BP, cholesterol, triglyceride, smoking, family history of AMI, aspirin and diuretic use, BMI

ICD-9 and 10 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

VHMPP-M [30]

2008

41.6

83,863 Austrian men

13.6

M: 6.7

Age, BMI, BP, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, smoking, year of examination

ICD-9 and 10 codes on death certificates; autopsy records

4/2/3

VHMPP-W [31]

2008

62.3 ± 8.8

28,613 elderly Austrian women

15.2

W: 5.4

Age, BMI, BP, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, smoking, occupational status, year of examination

ICD-9 and 10 codes on death certificates; autopsy records

4/2/3

Chinese cohort study [32]

2009

51.5 ± 11.5

90,393 (46.3) adults in Taiwan

8.2

M and W: 7.0; Per 1 mg/dl increase

Age, BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides, DM, hypertension, smoking, alcohol, sex

ICD-9 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

Puddu [33]

2014

35–74

2888 (44.1) adults from Gubbio in Italy

13.5

M and W: 7.0

Age, gender, SBP, cholesterol, smoking, BMI, blood glucose, e-GFR

ICD-9 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

NHANES-III [34]

2015

45.3

11,009 (45.9) adults in USA

14.5

M and W: 6.3

Age, sex, race, BMI, SBP, smoking, HDL, cholesterol, antihypertensive drug

ICD-10 codes on death certificates

4/2/3

  1. AMI acute myocardial infraction, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CHA Chicago Heart Association, DM diabetes mellitus, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ECG electrocardiograph, e-GFR estimated-glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ICD international classification of disease, KMIC Korea Medical Insurance Corporation, LVH left ventricular hypertrophy, M men, MRFIT Multiple Risk factor Intervention Trial, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SBP systolic blood pressure, VHMPP Vorarlberg Health Monitoring and Promotion Program, W women