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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 300)

From: Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein-7: potential novel biomarkers for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Variable

Controls (n = 55)

LVDD (n = 168)

HFpEF (n = 77)

p-value

Demographics and vital signs

 Age (years)

54 [48–61]

66 [58–71]

73 [68–77]

< 0.001

 Male

52.7 %

56.2 %

40.3 %

0.138

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.5 [24.1-29.1]

27.8 [25.6- 32.3]

27.5 [25.7- 32.0]

0.008

 Waist circumference (cm)

98 [86–107]

102 [94–114]

102 [98–111]

0.004

 Hip circumference (cm)

98 [94–103]

103 [96–111]

105 [98–114]

0.002

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

125 [110–136]

134 [127–140]

136 [130–140]

< 0.001

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

80 [70–80]

80 [76–84]

80 [72–84]

0.013*

 Heart rate (bpm)

70 [68–76]

72 [69–76]

70 [65–76]

0.195

Medical history

 Hypertension

69 %

88 %

96 %

< 0.001

 T2DM

12.7 %

42.6 %

53.2 %

< 0.001

 CAD

38.2 %

58.6 %

63.6 %

0.023

 CABG

1.8 %

3.0 %

11.7 %

0.001

 PCI

5.5 %

16.1 %

13.2 %

0.155

 Myocardial infarction

14.5 %

21.3 %

22.1 %

0.572

Medications

 Beta-blocker

50.9 %

60.9 %

74.0 %

0.041

 ACE inhibitor

47.3 %

65.1 %

54.5 %

< 0.001

 ARB

10.9 %

10.1 %

29.9 %

0.044

 Diuretics

14.5 %

26.6 %

46.8 %

< 0.001

 Aspirin

52.7 %

75 %

76.6 %

0.007

 Calcium blockers

10.9 %

13.6 %

27.3 %

0.024

Biomarkers

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.8 [0.7-0.9]

0.9 [0.7-0.9]

0.90 [0.75- 1.10]

0.060

 Hba1c (%)

5.7 [5.4-5.9]

6.0 [5.7- 6.6]

6.1 [5.7-6.7]

< 0.001

 sST2 (ng/ml)

13.50 [9.2-20.6]

16.20 [12.35- 21.65]

16.9 [12.2- 25.9]

0.007

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

90.10 [45.8-129.2]

86.85 [43.7-173.4]

343.6 [151.7-703.4]

< 0.001

  1. Values are median (interquartile range) and %
  2. ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; CAD coronary artery disease; CABG coronary artery bypass graft; Hba1c hemoglobin A1c; HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVDD asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention; sST2 soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2; T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus. Non-parametric tests for group differences between categories were performed. We used the Kruskal-Wallis to test the equality of medians among more than two distinct groups. The Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney U-test was used to analyze differences between the medians of two groups and the χ2 test to evaluate differences in proportions in more than 2 sets of categorical variables