|
Study
|
Selection
|
Comparability of cohortsa
|
Outcome
|
Evidence qualityb
|
|---|
| |
Exposed cohort representative
|
Non exposed cohort selection
|
Exposure ascertainment
|
Outcome not present at start
|
Assessment
|
Follow-up length
|
Follow up adequacy
|
|---|
|
Workforce
|
|
Zuily, 2010 [15]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Boom, 2012 [13]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
NICOR, 2012 [12]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Comin-Colet, 2014 [16]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
--
|
--
|
High
|
|
Primary care
|
|
Lee, 2010 [18]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Rosstad, 2013 [17]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
Low
|
|
In-hospital studies
|
|
Williams, 2010 [21]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
Low
|
|
Tuso, 2014 [22]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
Low
|
|
In-hospital clinical audits/registries/quality improvement initiatives
|
|
Boutwell, 2011 [33]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Low
|
|
Heidenreich 2012 [26]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Hansen, 2013 [32]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
Moderate
|
|
H2H National Quality Improvement Initiative, 2015 (H2H program) [34]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Low
|
|
Transitional care
|
|
Driscoll, 2011 [45]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Outpatient clinics
|
|
Fonarow, 2011 [51]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Hernandez, 2010 [49]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
|
Fenner, 2014 [50]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
-
|
*
|
*
|
Low
|
|
Telemonitoring programs
|
|
Piette, 2008 [60]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
--
|
-
|
*
|
*
|
Low
|
|
Baker, 2013 [61]
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
High
|
- NA not applicable as outcome data has not been reported at the time of the literature search
- aAlso includes controlling for potential confounders
- bEvidence quality
- Low: downgrading from moderate to low based on design or lack of information in report
- Moderate: study met selection criteria (4 stars), comparability (1 star and upgraded a level for 2 stars), and outcome assessment
- High: upgrading from moderate to high based on comparability of 2 stars
