Fig. 3

Association between patient level pre-operative echocardiography and post-operative major adverse cardiac events. MACE: Major adverse cardiac event, HF: Heart failure, VHD: Valvular heart disease, MI: Myocardial infarction. Models included a random intercept for hospital and adjusted for echocardiogram during the 3 to 12 months prior to surgery, age at surgery, recent myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, history of chronic kidney disease, history of arrhythmia, surgery case status, surgery admission status, work relative value unit, year of surgery, procedure type, and an indicator for whether the surgery was a high risk procedure