Fig. 2

Association between hospital-level variation in pre-operative echocardiography and post-operative major adverse cardiac events. MACE: Major adverse cardiac event, HF: Heart failure, VHD: Valvular heart disease, MI: Myocardial infarction. Quartile ranges: Overall population unadjusted ≤9.72 %, 10.00–14.06 %, 14.19–18.84 %, and ≥19.01 %; Overall population case mix-adjusted ≤12.70 %, 12.75–14.20 %, 14.25–15.97 %, and ≥16.00 %; Patients with heart failure, valvular heart disease, recent myocardial infarction unadjusted ≤18.18 %, 18.46–24.86 %, 25.00–30.43 %, and ≥31.11 %; Patients with heart failure, valvular heart disease, recent myocardial infarction case mix-adjusted ≤23.45 %, 23.47–25.11 %, 25.11–27.23 %, and ≥27.49 %; Patients without heart failure, valvular heart disease, recent myocardial infarction unadjusted ≤6.06 %, 6.11–9.85 %, 9.88–12.94 %, and ≥12.95 %; Patients without heart failure, valvular heart disease, recent myocardial infarction case mix-adjusted ≤9.04 %, 9.04–9.67 %, 9.67–10.52 %, and ≥10.53 %