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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of new β-blockers medication users among chronic dialysis patients with hypertension across therapeutic subclasses

From: Effectiveness comparison of cardio-selective to non-selective β-blockers and their association with mortality and morbidity in end-stage renal disease: a retrospective cohort study

 

All-cause mortality

CV event model

 

Cardio-selective

Non-selective

Cardio-selective

Non-selective

Number of cases

3781 (100 %)

1157 (100 %)

3495 (100 %)

1042 (100 %)

Age, mean years (SD)

60.4 (15.1)*

58.3 (15.9)*

60.1 (15.2)**

57.6 (16.0)**

Females, n (%)

2172 (57.5 %)

625 (54.0 %)

1992 (57.0 %)

559 (53.7 %)

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

    

 African-American

1633 (43.2 %)*

580 (50.2 %)*

1531 (43.8 %)**

545 (52.3 %)**

 Caucasian

1271 (33.6 %*

297 (25.7 %)*

1161 (33.2 %)**

246 (23.6 %)**

 Hispanic

637 (16.9 %)*

212 (18.3 %)*

586 (16.8 %)**

191 (18.3 %)**

 Other

240 (6.4 %)*

68 (5.9 %)*

217 (6.2 %)**

60 (5.7 %)**

BMI category, n (%)

    

 < 20 kg/m2

374 (9.9 %)

101 (8.7 %)

345 (9.9 %)

90 (8.6 %)

 20–24.9 kg/m2

1101 (29.1 %)

355 (30.7 %)

1013 (29.0 %)

323 (31.0 %)

 25–29.9 kg/m2

1004 (26.6 %)

320 (27.7 %)

936 (26.8 %)

279 (26.8 %)

 30+ kg/m2

1255 (33.2 %)

369 (31.9 %)

1158 (33.1 %)

339 (32.5 %)

 Missing

47 (1.2 %)

12 (1.0 %)

43 (1.2 %)

11 (1.0 %)

Current smoker, n (%)

284 (7.5 %)

63 (5.5 %)

261 (7.5 %)

55 (5.3 %)

Substance abuser,* n (%)

91 (2.4 %)*

47 (4.1 %)*

85 (2.4 %)**

47 (4.5 %)**

Unemployed, n (%)

3679 (97.3 %)

1129 (97.6 %)

3397 (97.2 %)

1014 (97.3 %)

Unable to ambulate, n (%)

207 (5.5 %)

52 (4.5 %)

196 (5.6 %)

47 (4.5 %)

Unable to transfer, n (%)

61 (1.6 %)

14 (1.2 %)

58 (1.7 %)

14 (1.3 %)

Cause of ESRD, n (%)

    

Diabetes

2008 (53.1 %)

590 (51.0 %)

1837 (52.6 %)

530 (50.9 %)

Hypertension

1109 (29.3 %)

384 (33.2 %)

1031 (29.5 %)

350 (33.6 %)

Glomerulonephritis

304 (8.0 %)

84 (7.3 %)

287 (8.2 %)

75 (7.2 %)

Other

906 (9.9 %)

99 (8.6 %)

340 (9.7 %)

87 (8.4 %)

Comorbidities, n (%)

    

Diabetes

2402 (63.5 %)

730 (63.1 %)

2198 (62.9 %)

646 (62.0 %)

Congestive heart failure

1287 (34.0 %)*

453 (39.2 %)*

1158 (33.1 %)**

399 (38.3 %)**

Coronary artery disease

1006 (26.6 %)

299 (25.8 %)

912 (26.1 %)

254 (24.4 %)

Peripheral vascular disease

585 (15.5 %)

151 (13.1 %)

536 (15.3 %)*

123 (11.8 %)*

Cerebrovascular accident

468 (12.4 %)

115 (9.9 %)

429 (12.3 %)

98 (9.4 %)

Modified Liu comorbidity

6.5 ± 3.6

6.61 ± 3.8

6.3 ± 3.6

6.4 ± 3.7

ACE/ARB use, baseline

37.3 %

35.4 %

36.7 %

34.4 %

CCB use, baseline

59.7 %*

61.9 %*

59.5 %**

63.2 %**

In-center hemodialysis n (%)

3582 (94.7 %)

1108 (95.8 %)

3313 (94.8 %)

995 (95.5 %)

Hemoglobin > = 11

893 (23.6 %)*

225 (19.5 %)*

822 (23.5 %)**

196 (18.8 %)**

Vintage (years) when drug initiated, mean (SD)

0.10 (0.07)

0.10 (0.07)

0.10 (0.07)

0.10 (0.07)

Proportion days covered, mean (SD)

0.56 (0.28)*

0.53 (0.28)*

0.56 (0.28)

0.54 (0.28)

Mortality, n (%)

1246 (33.0 %)

379 (32.7 %)

  

CV event, n (%)

  

1627 (46.5 %)

485 (46.5 %)

  1. BMI body mass index, ESRD end stage renal disease, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker
  2. *p < 0.01 for differences between subclasses within ACM model
  3. **p < 0.01 for differences between subclasses within CVMM model