Table 1 Heart Failure Patient Characteristics and Comorbidities
Variable | Inotropes | No Inotropes | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Total number, n (%) | 858 (10.6) | 7208 (89.4) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 63 ± 12 | 62 ± 12 | 0.04 |
Male, n (%) | 419 (61.1) | 4270 (66.9) | 0.001 |
Middle-Eastern Arabs | 674 (78.6) | 5472 (73.7) | |
South Asians | 164 (19.1) | 1562 (21.7) | |
Others | 20 (2.3) | 174 (2.4) | 0.001 |
Patient Characteristics, n (%) | |||
Smoker | 141 (16.4) | 1043 (14.5) | 0.12 |
Chronic renal impairment | 158 (18.4) | 612 (8.5) | 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 96 (11.2) | 394 (5.5) | 0.001 |
Hypertension | 595 (69.3) | 4100 (56.9) | 0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 569 (66.3) | 4115 (57.1) | 0.001 |
Obesity | 75 (8.7) | 443 (6.1) | 0.003 |
Menopause | 34 (4) | 206 (2.9) | 0.07 |
Labs, mean (SD) | |||
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.8 ± 5 | 12 ± 4.9 | 0.04 |
Fasting blood sugar, mmol/L | 11 ± 16 | 12 ± 48 | 0.81 |
Serum creatinine, mmol/L | 164 ± 127 | 131 ± 265 | 0.01 |
BNP, (pg/ml) | 4195 ± 7450 | 3090 ± 7650 | 0.22 |
Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 6 | 0.57 |
Low density lipoprotein (LDL), mmol/L | 2.46 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 9.8 | 0.42 |
High density lipoprotein (HDL), mmol/L | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 0.63 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 7.8 | 0.98 |
Creatinine kinase -MB, μ/L | 61 ± 192 | 74 ± 559 | 0.6 |
Labs, n (%) | |||
Troponin positive | 350 (40.8) | 1866 (25.9) | 0.001 |
Cardiac History, n (%) | |||
Admission ejection fraction ≤ 40 % | 200 (59.2) | 1305 (69.6) | 0.001 |
Rheumatic heart disease | 3 (0.3) | 43 (0.6) | 0.36 |
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) | 74 (8.6) | 309 (4.3) | 0.001 |
Non-STEMI (NSTEMI) | 53 (6.2) | 256 (3.6) | 0.001 |
Unstable angina | 64 (7.5) | 421 (5.8) | 0.06 |
Cardiomyopathy | 125 (14.6) | 860 (11.9) | 0.03 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 12 (1.4) | 80 (1.1) | 0.45 |
Valvular Heart Disease, n (%) | |||
Mitral regurgitation | 44 (5.1) | 373 (5.2) | 0.95 |
Aortic regurgitation | 11 (1.3) | 106 (1.5) | 0.66 |