|
Earlobe crease
|
Absence (n = 3829)
|
Presence (n = 806)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Men (%)
|
1708 (44.6)
|
455 (56.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Age (years)
|
56.3 ± 10.3
|
63.2 ± 9.7
|
<0.001
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.94 ± 4.53
|
27.38 ± 4.85
|
<0.001
|
|
BMI categories (%)
|
|
Normal
|
1749 (46.2)
|
255 (32.2)
| |
|
Overweight
|
1448 (38.2)
|
349 (44.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
Obese
|
592 (15.6)
|
187 (23.6)
| |
|
Abdominal obesity (%)
|
1382 (36.3)
|
362 (45.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
Smoking status (%)
|
|
Never
|
1619 (42.3)
|
300 (37.2)
| |
|
Former
|
1358 (35.5)
|
347 (45.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
Current
|
852 (22.2)
|
159 (19.7)
| |
|
Blood pressure status
| | | |
|
SBP (mm Hg)
|
125 ± 17
|
131 ± 19
|
<0.001
|
|
DBP (mm Hg)
|
78 ± 11
|
79 ± 11
|
<0.001
|
|
Hypertension (%)
|
1409 (36.9)
|
475 (58.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Lipids (mmol/L)
|
|
Total cholesterol
|
5.70 ± 1.03
|
5.68 ± 1.10
|
0.66
|
|
LDL cholesterol
|
3.45 ± 0.92
|
3.44 ± 0.98
|
0.88
|
|
HDL cholesterol
|
1.65 ± 0.47
|
1.59 ± 0.47
|
<0.001
|
|
Triglycerides
|
1.34 ± 0.90
|
1.47 ± 0.91
|
<0.001*
|
|
Glycaemic status
|
|
Glucose (mmol/L)
|
5.83 ± 1.06
|
6.20 ± 1.59
|
<0.001
|
|
Insulin (μIU/mL)
|
8.06 ± 6.82
|
9.75 ± 7.74
|
<0.001*
|
|
Diabetes (%)
|
343 (9.0)
|
147 (18.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
2.21 ± 2.48
|
2.86 ± 2.65
|
<0.001
|
|
High HOMA-IR (%)
|
925 (24.2)
|
277 (34.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
Metabolic syndrome (%)
|
1070 (28.2)
|
337 (42.1)
|
<0.001
|
- Results are expressed as number of participants (%) or as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis by Student’s t-test or by chi-square
-
BMI body mass index; abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome are defined by the NCEP ATP-III criteria; hypertension is defined as SBP > 140 or DBP > 90 mm Hg and/or anti-hypertensive medication; LDL low-density lipoprotein; HDL high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; high HOMA-IR is defined as ≥2.6; diabetes is defined as fasting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/L and/or anti-diabetes medication
- *P-value calculated on log-transformed values
