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Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to HOMA-S category. Similar variables, obtained at follow-up, are depicted for comparison

From: Greater body mass index is a better predictor of subclinical cardiac damage at long-term follow-up in men than is insulin sensitivity: a prospective, population-based cohort study

Variable

All subjects (n = 247)

HOMA-S Q1 (n = 63)

HOMA-S Q2-4 (n = 184)

P-value for difference between HOMA-S categories

Baseline MPP

 Age (years)

47 [47–48]

47 [47–48]

47 [47–48]

0.1c

 Active smoking

118 (48 %)

27 (43 %)

91 (50 %)

0.4a

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.1 +/− 3.0

26.9 +/− 3.8

24.5 +/− 2.4

<0.0001b

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129 +/− 15

133 +/− 19

128 +/− 14

0.0502b

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.7 +/− 1.0

5.9 +/− 1.3

5.7 +/− 0.9

0.2b

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

93 +/− 13

93 +/− 13

92 +/− 13

0.7b

 FBG (mmol/L)

5.1 +/− 0.5

5.2 +/− 0.6

5.0 +/− 0.5

0.02b

 Fasting insulin (pmol/L)

48 [18–78]

108 [90–144]

36 [18–54]

<0.0001c

 HOMA-%B

83.2 [54.4–124.2]

147.2 [118.8–184.4]

67.3 [47.8–92.1]

<0.0001c

 HOMA-%S

113.0 [68.3–284.6]

50.2 [37.1–61.9]

150.7 [99.3–289.7]

<0.0001c

 Sedentary lifestyle

143 (58 %)

38 (60 %)

105 (57 %)

0.7a

 Antihypertensive medication

11 (5 %)

4 (6 %)

7 (4 %)

0.4a

MPP re-examination

 Age (years)

74 [70–75]

74 [70–75]

74 [71–75]

0.5c

 Active smoking

33 (13 %)

8 (13 %)

25 (14 %)

0.9a

 BMI (kg/m2)

27.9 +/− 3.6

28.3 +/− 4.3

27.8 +/− 3.3

0.3b

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

149 +/− 21

146 +/− 18

149 +/− 21

0.3b

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 +/− 1.1

4.7 +/− 1.0

5.2 +/− 1.1

0.001b

 FPG (mmol/L)

7.1 +/− 2.1

7.4 +/− 2.0

7.0 +/− 2.1

0.1b

 LVM (g)

202 +/− 61

205 +/− 61

201 +/− 61

0.7b

 LVMI (g/m2)

103 +/− 30

103 +/− 30

103 +/− 30

0.9b

 EF (%)

60 +/− 8

60 +/− 8

60 +/− 8

0.5b

 Grade 2 or 3 diastolic dysfunction

82 (36 %)

27 (47 %)

55 (33 %)

0.06a

 E/é

10 [8–12]

10 [8–12]

10 [7–12]

0.3c

 Time (years)

28 [27–28]

28 [25–29]

28 [27–28]

0.4c

  1. Categorical variables (active smoking, grade 2 or 3 diastolic dysfunction) are given as n (%), whereas continuous variables are given as mean +/− SD (approximately normally distributed variables, i.e. body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, creatinine, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), ejection fraction (EF)) or median (IQR) (non-normally distributed variables, i.e. age, fasting insulin, HOMA-%S, HOMA-%B, E/é, and time)
  2. aPearson’s χ2-test; bindependent samples t-test; cMann-Whitney U test