Fig. 5

Electrocardiographic assessment and physical fitness evaluation. Electrocardiographic recording from mice before (T0), at the end of HFD consumption (36 weeks), and at 52 weeks. Altered parameters included: heart rate (a), PR interval (b), RR interval (c), QRS amplitude (d), P wave amplitude (e). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. For a-d: HF mice vs. normal mice *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001; HF treated mice vs. non-treated mice ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01; HFD mice (36 weeks) vs. G-CSF-treated mice ^† p < 0.05. (e) For P wave amplitude, HFD mice vs. standard diet fed mice *p < 0.05; Saline-treated mice vs. standard diet fed mice ^δ p < 0.05; HFD mice 36 weeks vs G-CSF-treated mice, ^† p < 0.05. (f) Animal performance during treadmill test was evaluated before (T0), at the end of HFD consumption (36 weeks), and at 52 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. HFD mice vs. standard diet fed mice, ***p < 0.001; G-CSF-treated mice vs. saline-treated mice ^## p < 0.01; Saline-treated mice vs. standard diet fed mice, ^† p < 0.05