Coronary flow reserve | VO2PeakFFM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (CFR ≤ 2.28) | High (CFR > 2.28) | Low (VO2PeakFFM ≤ 126.5) | High (VO2PeakFFM >126.5) | |||||
n = 32 | n = 33 | n = 32 | n = 33 | |||||
Patient characteristics | ||||||||
Age | 64 | (59–68) | 62 | (56–67) | 65 | (61–69) | 62 | (55–65)* |
Male sex | 26 | (81.3 %) | 28 | (84.9 %) | 24 | (75.0 %) | 30 | (90.9 %) |
CABG/PCI involving LAD | 16 | (50.0 %) | 20 | (60.0 %) | 19 | (59.4 %) | 17 | (51.5 %) |
ACE–inhibitors | 16 | (50.0 %) | 13 | (39.4 %) | 16 | (50.0 %) | 13 | (39.4 %) |
Beta–blockers | 17 | (53.1 %) | 17 | (51.5 %) | 17 | (53.1 %) | 17 | (51.5 %) |
Echocardiography | ||||||||
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 53 | (45–59) | 56 | (48–60) | 54 | (46–58) | 55 | (47–61) |
End diastolic volume (mL/m2) | 38.4 | (34.4–50.5) | 40.8 | (34.5–47.7) | 36.0 | (31.3–39.6) | 43.6 | (39.2–54.1)* |
End systolic volume (mL/m2) | 17.6 | (15.0–26.6) | 17.7 | (14.2–24.3) | 16.4 | (13.8–22.0) | 18.5 | (15.6–27.0)* |
Coronary flow reserve (ratio) | 1.91 | (1.77–2.09) | 2.62 | (2.53–2.97)* | 2.13 | (1.87–2.55) | 2.52 | (2.07–2.71)* |
Exercise capacity | ||||||||
VO2peakBW (ml/min/kg) | 18.3 | (16.5–21.9) | 23.2 | (20.5–27.3)* | 17.7 | (16.0–20.5) | 25.1 | (22.3–27.6)* |
VO2peakFFM (ml/min/kg FFM(2/3)) | 116.0 | (104.0–129.9) | 135.5 | (121.6–161.9)* | 108.7 | (98.4–119.6) | 145.6 | (133.1–162.7)* |
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) | 1.21 | (1.16–1.28) | 1.19 | (1.15–1.22) | 1.21 | (1.15–1.28) | 1.18 | (1.15–1.23) |
Glucose metabolism | ||||||||
Insulin sensitivity (ISIcomposite) | 2.21 | (1.71–3.50) | 2.49 | (1.76–3.59) | 2.28 | (1.88–3.35) | 2.48 | (1.66–3.77) |
Insulin sensitivity (ISIHOMA) | 0.28 | (0.19–0.46) | 0.31 | (0.22–0.46) | 0.28 | (0.19–0.45) | 0.30 | (0.22–0.48) |
Hba1c (%) | 5.9 | (5.7–6.1) | 5.9 | (5.5–6.2) | 6.1 | (5.9–6.3) | 5.8 | (5.5–6.0)* |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.88 | (5.31–6.33) | 5.85 | (5.65–6.18) | 6.07 | (5.70–6.33) | 5.73 | (5.46–6.07)* |
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L) | 100 | (60–131) | 88 | (56–120) | 94 | (60–124) | 93 | (61–121) |
Glucose tolerance (2 h-PG) (mmol/L) | 7.95 | (6.31–9.49) | 7.37 | (5.91–8.86) | 8.14 | (6.47–9.66) | 7.17 | (5.64–8.85) |
Beta cell function (Btotal) (nL/kg/min) | 1.90 | (1.46–2.37) | 1.93 | (1.46–2.86) | 1.85 | (1.45–2.37) | 1.99 | (1.46–2.71) |
β-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity (Di) | 4.89 | (2.82–8.12) | 5.52 | (3.18–7.45) | 5.48 | (3.06–8.98) | 4.64 | (2.82–7.17) |
Body composition | ||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 | (29.5–35.1) | 31.5 | (29.9–33.3) | 31.0 | (29.5–33.2) | 31.8 | (29.9–33.7) |
Waist-to-hip-ratio | 1.00 | (0.98–1.03) | 1.01 | (0.97–1.04) | 1.00 | (0.96–1.05) | 1.00 | (0.97–1.03) |
Body fat (%) | 35.7 | (32.6–41.0) | 32.2 | (29.1–35.7)* | 34.3 | (31.0–42.1) | 33.4 | (30.5–35.8) |
Visceral fat (mm3) | 293 | (260–332)(n = 14) | 276 | (211–316)(n = 23) | 293 | (222–345)(n = 16) | 280 | (211–297)(n = 21) |
Central-to-peripheral fat ratio | 1.52 | (1.34–1.70) | 1.65 | (1.39–2.05) | 1.54 | (1.34–1.82) | 1.59 | (1.39–1.89) |