Table 1 Baseline demographics, biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters categorized by pericardial and periaortic fat volumes

PCF, ml

Age (years)

51.67 ± 8.81

53.60 ± 9.98

55.40 ± 10.29

3.609

0.028

Male

56 (52.8 %)

72 (67.9 %)

73 (68.9 %)

-

0.025

BMI (kg/m²)

24.78 ± 3.50

25.48 ± 3.97

25.40 ± 3.41

0.787

0.456

SBP (mmHg)

119.04 ± 17.68

126.30 ± 16.88

127.15 ± 15.20

8.193

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

74.42 ± 11.17

77.97 ± 9.99

77.62 ± 10.27

5.121

0.006

HbA1c (%)

5.97 ± 0.75

5.97 ± 0.62

6.08 ± 0.73

1.242

0.29

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

201.27 ± 37.52

203.14 ± 37.28

205.33 ± 42.73

0.977

0.378

TG (mg/dL)

137.70 ± 77.21

149.98 ± 90.00

144.72 ± 94.28

0.733

0.481

HDL (mg/dL)

51.50 ± 13.96

50.07 ± 14.13

48.72 ± 13.67

4.12

0.017

LDL (mg/dL)

130.75 ± 33.79

132.18 ± 33.79

135.29 ± 33.23

1.595

0.205

Hs-CRP (mg/dL)

0.174 ± 0.022

0.255 ± 0.035

0.26 ± 0.043

1.312

0.271

BNP (pg/mL)

33.62 ± 6.33

25.64 ± 4.23

32.88 ± 7.19

0.532

0.588

Hypertension

28 (26.4 %)

35 (33 %)

39 (36.8 %)

-

0.241

Diabetes

13 (12.3 %)

14 (13.2 %)

19 (17.9 %)

-

0.443

Hyperlipidemia

33 (31.1 %)

42 (39.6 %)

34 (32.1 %)

-

0.236

LAD (mm)

28.72 ± 5.62

30.51 ± 7.57

32.11 ± 5.15

7.956

<0.001

LVEF (%)

67.81 ± 4.27

67.61 ± 4.92

67.08 ± 5.2

0.657

0.519

LVEDV (ml)

101.03 ± 17.3

103.46 ± 18.97

105.718.91

1.708

0.183

LVESV (ml)

32.36 ± 6.35

33.75 ± 9.14

35.06 ± 9.78

2.622

0.074

LVMI (g/m²)

83.57 ± 14.77

81.03 ± 23.78

84.03 ± 22.36

0.585

0.055

IVS (mm)

9.89 ± 7.95

9.53 ± 1.44

9.88 ± 1.33

0.198

0.028

PWT (mm)

9.84 ± 7.93

9.26 ± 1.37

9.81 ± 1.11

0.522

0.059

E (cm/s)

69.27 ± 15.13

62.3 ± 17.88

61.69 ± 15.39

7.42

0.001

DT (ms)

196.88 ± 32.98

208.7 ± 43

214.72 ± 49.06

4.211

0.016

IVRT (ms)

87.14 ± 13.58

90.91 ± 14.85

92.44 ± 16.49

3.588

0.028

E/A

1.18 ± 0.37

1.04 ± 0.47

0.94 ± 0.24

7.927

<0.001

S’ (cm/s)

7.54 ± 1.71

7.24 ± 1.5

7.11 ± 1.43

2.183

0.114

E’ (cm/s)

8.77 ± 2.06

7.68 ± 2.17

6.75 ± 1.6

28.32

<0.001

E/E’

7.17 ± 2.21

7.9 ± 4.03

8.49 ± 3.19

5.885

0.003

Diastolic dysfunction^a

52 (49.1 %)

77 (72.6 %)

89 (84 %)

-

<0.001

Dias-D (ms)

21.42 ± 15.27

26.42 ± 22.18

32.06 ± 25.39

2.258

0.001

Sys-D (ms)

28.21 ± 21.42

31.79 ± 27.6

33.18 ± 29.09

1.838

0.161

TPAF, ml

Q1 (n = 106)

Q2 (n = 106)

Q3 (n = 106)

<5.71 ml

5.71-8.53 ml

>8.53 ml

Age (years)

52.74 ± 9.37

53.53 ± 9.88

54.42 ± 10.17

0.749

0.474

Male

42 (39.6 %)

74 (69.8 %)

85 (80.2 %)

-

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.9 ± 3.72

25.42 ± 3.46

25.31 ± 3.74

0.41

0.385

SBP (mmHg)

119.87 ± 17.14

125.48 ± 17.4

127.27 ± 15.51

4.259

0.015

DBP (mmHg)

75.21 ± 11.07

78.9 ± 10.21

75.95 ± 10.13

1.876

0.155

HbA1c (%)

5.96 ± 0.78

5.98 ± 0.64

6.08 ± 0.70

1.141

0.321

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

201.56 ± 36.87

204.7 ± 39.09

203.56 ± 41.8

0.133

0.876

TG (mg/dL)

135.06 ± 77.37

146.32 ± 82.82

151.18 ± 100.5

0.843

0.431

HDL (mg/dL)

52.75 ± 14.88

48.85 ± 13.22

48.68 ± 13.33

3.072

0.048

LDL (mg/dL)

129.99 ± 33.17

135.68 ± 34.56

132.64 ± 32.96

0.368

0.68

Hs-CRP (mg/dL)

0.167 ± 0.022

0.216 ± 0.049

0.312 ± 0.047

1.761

0.174

BNP (pg/mL)

26.41 ± 3.93

26.84 ± 5.17

38.89 ± 8.18

1.381

0.253

Hypertension

25 (23.6 %)

39 (36.8 %)

38 (35.8 %)

-

0.064

Diabetes

11 (10.4 %)

17 (16 %)

18 (17 %)

-

0.321

Hyperlipidemia

36 (33.9 %)

35 (33 %)

38 (35.8 %)

-

0.908

LAD (mm)

28.65 ± 6.55

30.3 ± 6.54

32.39 ± 5.32

9.765

<0.001

LVEF (%)

68.23 ± 4.05

67.14 ± 5.09

67.13 ± 5.16

1.851

0.159

LVEDV (ml)

99.98 ± 17.88

105.13 ± 17.79

105.08 ± 19.34

2.755

0.065

LVESV (ml)

31.8 ± 7.5

34.63 ± 8.27

34.74 ± 9.64

4.059

0.018

LVMI (g/m²)

82.11 ± 17.22

85.86 ± 21.18

80.69 ± 22.74

1.663

0.191

IVS (mm)

9.04 ± 1.49

9.48 ± 1.01

10.79 ± 7.88

4.048

0.018

PWT (mm)

8.93 ± 1.11

9.4 ± 1.3

10.58 ± 7.87

3.576

0.029

E (cm/s)

68.78 ± 19.08

65.44 ± 15.23

59.13 ± 13.31

9.465

<0.001

DT (ms)

198 ± 39.47

204.14 ± 38.78

218.22 ± 47.3

4.204

0.016

IVRT (ms)

89.77 ± 14.71

89.82 ± 13.85

90.9 ± 16.84

0.199

0.697

E/A

1.18 ± 0.46

1.06 ± 0.36

0.92 ± 0.28

12.42

<0.001

S’ (cm/s)

7.21 ± 1.52

7.38 ± 1.59

7.31 ± 1.57

0.328

0.072

E’ (cm/s)

8.39 ± 2.34

7.92 ± 1.95

6.89 ± 1.78

15.01

<0.001

E/E’

7.89 ± 4.05

7.61 ± 2.49

8.06 ± 3.08

0.921

0.399

Diastolic dysfunction^a

59 (55.7 %)

70 (66 %)

89 (84 %)

-

<0.001

Dias-D (ms)

23.68 ± 18.89

27.21 ± 18.75

32.99 ± 25.63

3.263

0.003

Sys-D (ms)

32.64 ± 25.35

28.49 ± 26.43

32.06 ± 27.01

1.947

0.165