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Table 1 Putative effects of depression and salient CHD pathogenetic pathways

From: The mechanisms by which antidepressants may reduce coronary heart disease risk

Pathways, and pathway numbers corresponding to those in Fig. 1

Refs.

a. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

a. [95–97]

b. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ NO depletion-57-↑ SMC proliferation

b. [95]

c. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ NO depletion-57-↑ vasodilation

c. [95]

d. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ hypertension-100-↑ ROS-85-↑inflammatory state

d. [95, 98–103]

e. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-88-50-↑ TNFα-41-↑ inflammatory state

e. [44, 104–108]

f. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89- ↑ SMC proliferation

f. [95, 99, 101–103, 109]

g. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↓ IGF1-↑ SMC proliferation

g. [101–103, 109, 110]

h. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-72-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

h. [17, 29, 99, 110–117]

i. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-72-14-55-↑ hyperglycaemia

i. [110, 118–120]

j. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-12-↑ LDL-33-↑ oxLDL-51-↑ hypercholesterolaemia

j. [29, 95, 121, 122]

k. 7-26-↑ catecholamines/↓ serotonin/↓ BDNF-44-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ hypertension-100-↑ ROS-85-↑ inflammatory state

k. [95, 106–108]

l. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-10-↓ HDL-31-↑ hypercholesterolaemia

l. [14, 17, 29, 99]

m. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-12-↑ LDL-33-↑ oxLDL-51-↑ hypercholesterolaemia

m. [14, 17, 29, 98, 99]

n. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-55-↑ hyperglycaemia

n. [14, 17, 29, 99]

o. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ hypertension-100-↑ ROS −85-↑ inflammatory state

o. [98–100]

p. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-88-50-↑TNFα-41-↑ inflammatory state

p. [123]

q. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ SMC proliferation

q. [99]

r. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↓ IGF1-↑ SMC proliferation

r. [101–103, 109]

s. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-72-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

s. [17, 29, 99, 111–117]

t. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-69-↑ insulin resistance-72-↑ vasodilation

t. [123]

u. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-38-↑ TNFα-41-↑ P.gingivalis-43-↑ periodontitis-64-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

u. [17, 29, 99, 111–117, 124]

v. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-39-↑ insulin resistance- 72-↓ vasodilation

v. [123]

w. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-39-↑ SMC proliferation

w. [125]

x. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-72-14-55-↑ hyperinsulinaemia

x. [17, 20, 29, 99]

y. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-53-↑ NO depletion-57-↑ SMC proliferation

y. [17, 29, 99, 126]

z. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-53-↑ NO depletion-57-↓ vasodilation

z. [17, 29, 99, 127]

aa. 7-27-↑ cortisol-48-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ hypertension-100-↑ ROS-85-↑ inflammatory state

aa. [17, 29, 98, 99]

  1. ↑ denotes up regulation/increase, ↓ denotes down regulation/decrease, x-y-z indicates pathway connecting x to y to z
  2. FFA free fatty acids, IGF 1 insulin-like growth factor-1, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MAPK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, NO nitric oxide, oxLDL oxidized LDL, P. gingivalis Porphyromonas gingivalis, PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K:MAPK ratio of PI3K to MAPK, ROS reactive oxygen species, SMC smooth muscle cell, TNFα tumor necrosis factor-α
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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