Fig. 1

Conceptual model of general health factors, salient CHD pathogenetic pathways and CHD hallmarks. Note. From “How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease?” by Mathews M, Liebenberg L, Mathews EH Nutr Metab 2015;12:6 [9]. The affective pathway of pharmacotherapeutics, boxes, is shown in Fig. 1, and salient serological biomarkers are indicated by tags (). The blunted arrows denote antagonize or inhibit and pointed arrows denote up-regulate or facilitate. ACE denotes angiotensin-converting-enzyme; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; β-blocker, beta-adrenergic antagonists; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; COX, cyclooxygenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; D-dimer, fibrin degradation product D; FFA, free fatty acids; GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; Hs, homocysteine; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IL, interleukin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NFκβ, nuclear factor-κβ; NLRP3, Inflammasome responsible for activation of inflammatory processes as well as epithelial cell regeneration and microflora; NO, nitric oxide; NO-NSAIDs, combinational NO-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OPG, osteoprotegerin; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; P. gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-beta ligand; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCD-40, recombinant human sCD40 ligand; SMC, smooth muscle cell; SSRI, serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TF, tissue factor; TMAO, an oxidation product of trimethylamine (TMA); TNF-α , tumor necrosis factor-α; vWF, von Willebrand factor; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule