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Table 2 Prevalence and crude odds ratios (COR) of factors associated with hypertension prevalence and awareness, in South Asian Immigrants, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2012 (n = 1,375)

From: Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control, in male South Asian immigrants in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study

  

Hypertension

  

Awareness

  

Characteristics

All

n (%)

COR (95 % CI)

P

n (%)

COR (95 % CI)

P

Nationality

       

India

433

150 (34.6)

1.0

 

33 (22.0)

1.0

 

Pakistan

383

108 (28.2)

0.74 (0.55, 0.99)

0.049

30 (28.3)

1.35 (0.76, 2.39)

0.250

Bangladesh

559

161 (28.8)

0.76 (0.58, 0.99)

0.049

36 (23.1)

1.02 (0.60, 1.76)

0.822

Age group

       

18-35 years

810

179 (22.1)

1.0

 

19 (10.9)

1.0

1.000

36-45 years

307

115 (37.5)

2.11 (1.58, 2.81)

0.000

26 (23.2)

2.45 (1.28, 4.68)

0.007

46+ years

200

111 (55.5)

4.39 (3.18, 6.08)

0.000

51 (46.8)

7.13 (3.88, 13.08)

0.000

Monthly income

      

Bottom quartile

371

94 (25.3)

1.0

 

13 (13.9)

1.0

 

Second quartile

290

89 (30.7)

1.30 (0.92, 1.83)

0.13

21 (12.1)

1.96 (0.91, 4.210

0.085

Third quartile

399

132 (33.1)

1.46 (1.06, 1.99)

0.02

33 (25.8)

2.13 (1.05, 4.33)

0.035

Top quartile

315

104 (33.0)

1.45 (1.04, 2.02)

0.03

32 (30.8)

2.73 (1.33, 5.61)

0.006

Education

       

No formal schooling

173

35 (20.2)

0.61 (0.36, 1.01

0.06

5 (14.3)

0.68 (0.20, 2.33)

0.548

Primary or middle

473

149 (31.5)

1.09 (0.72, 1.66)

0.653

40 (27.4)

1.15 (0.66, 3.65)

0.310

Secondary or high school

586

192 (32.7)

1.16 (0.77, 1.74)

0.459

46 (24.5)

1.33 (0.57, 3.09

0.499

College or university

139

41 (29.5)

1.0

 

8 (19.5)

1.0

 

Occupation

       

Driver

317

94 (29.6)

1.38 (0.94, 2.04)

0.097

29 (30.8)

2.97 (1.30, 6.79)

0.010

Laborer

234

71 (30.3)

1.43 (0.95, 2.16)

0.086

9 (13.0)

1.0

 

Construction worker

172

64 (37.2)

1.95 (1.26, 3.00

0.002

11 (17.7)

1.43 (0.55, 3.74)

0.457

Agriculture worker

236

55 (23.3)

1.0

1.0

11 (21.1)

1.79 (0.68, 4.70)

0.238

Salesman

79

26 (32.9)

1.61 (0.92, 2.82)

0.092

9 (34.6)

3.52 (1.21, 10.28)

0.021

Professional, office worker

95

29 (30.5)

1.44 (0.85, 2.45)

0.173

7 (23.3)

2.02 (0.67, 6.08)

0.207

Business/shop keeper

60

24 (40.0)

2.19 (1.21, 3.99)

0.010

7 (29.2)

2.74 (0.89, 8.45)

0.079

Hospitality worker

71

19 (26.8)

1.20 (0.65, 2.20)

0.551

8 (42.1)

4.85 (1.54, 15.29)

0.007

Tailor

70

24 (34.3)

1.72 (0.96, 3.06)

0.067

4 (16.7)

1.33 (0.37, 4.80)

0.660

Other

40

12 (30.0)

1.41 (0.67, 2.96)

0.363

4 (36.4)

3.80 (0.92, 15.67)

0.064

Type of accommodation

      

Shared with non-relatives

717

232 (32.4)

1.75 (1.17, 2.62)

0.006

55 (23.9)

1.52 (0.59, 3.84)

0.378

Shared with family

152

44 (28.9)

1.49 (0.89, 2.48)

0.122

14 (31.8)

2.25 (0.76, 6.67)

0.141

Single accommodation

153

60 (39.2)

2.36 (1.44, 3.86)

0.001

16 (28.1)

1.89 (0.66, 5.40)

0.237

Live with sponsor

184

46 (25.0)

1.22 (0.74, 2.01)

0.429

8 (17.8)

1.04 (0.32, 3.35)

0.941

Live in a labor camp

168

36 (21.3)

1.0

 

6 (17.1)

1.0

 

Home country setting

       

Rural

932

269 (28.9)

1.0

 

59 (22.3)

1.0

 

Urban or semi-urban

426

149 (34.9)

1.32 (1.01, 1.69)

0.02

40 (27.4)

1.32 (0.82, 2.09)

0.245

Length of stay in UAE

      

1 to 5 years

547

137 (25.1)

1.0

 

9 (6.7)

1.0

 

6 to 10 years

257

78 (30.8)

1.32 (0.94, 1.81)

0.11

19 (25.3)

4.75 (2.02, 11.15)

0.000

>10 years

414

178 (43.0)

2.26 (1.71, 2.96)

0.000

71 (40.1)

9.38 (4.47, 19.65)

0.000

Marital status

       

Single

412

83 (20.1)

1.0

 

5 (6.3)

1.0

 

Married

963

336 (34.9)

2.12 (1.61, 2.79)

0.000

94 (28.2)

1.82 (2.28, 14.85)

0.000

Body mass index – kg/m [2]

      

<25.0

758

170 (22.4)

1.0

 

28 (16.8)

1.0

 

25.0 - 29.9

486

182 (37.4)

2.07 (1.61, 2.66)

0.000

46 (25.7)

1.72 (1.01, 2.91)

0.044

≥30.0

129

66 (51.2)

3.62 (2.46, 5.32)

0.000

24 (36.9)

2.91 (1.52, 5.55)

0.001

Waist-to-hip ratio

       

<0.90 cm

503

84 (16.7)

1.0

 

8 (9.8)

1.0

 

≥0.90 cm

872

335 (38.4)

3.11 (2.37, 4.08)

0.000

91 (27.6)

3.52 (1.63, 7.59)

0.001

Waist circumference – cm

      

Waist < 94

925

234 (25.3)

1.0

 

40 (17.4)

1.0

 

Waist ≥ 94

450

185 (44.1)

2.06 (1.62, 2.62)

0.000

59 (32.4)

2.28 (1.44, 3.61)

0.000

Smoking ever

       

Never

827

254 (30.7)

1.0

 

50 (20.0)

1.0

 

Ever

548

165 (30.1)

0.97 (0.76, 1.22)

0.81

49 (30.2)

1.73 (1.09, 2.73)

0.081

Smokeless tobacco

      
 

1162

346 (29.8)

1.0

 

83 (24.5)

1.0

 

Ever

150

53 (35.3)

1.29 (0.90, 1.84)

0.17

12 (23.1)

0.92 (0.46, 1.85)

0.826

Drinking alcohol

       

Never

1119

302 (26.9)

1.0

 

82 (27.4)

1.0

 

Ever

130

45 (34.6)

1.43 (0.97, 2.10)

0.07

10 (22.2)

0.75 (0.35, 1.59)

0.670

Walk for at least 30 minutes daily

       

Yes

1018

267 (26.2)

1.0

 

65 (25.0)

1.0

 

No

314

134 (42.7)

2.09 (1.61, 2.72)

0.002

33 (24.8)

0.99 (0.61, 1.60)

0.463

Family history of hypertension

       

No

887

223 (25.1)

1.0

 

52 (23.5)

1.0

 

Yes

249

91 (36.5)

1.71 (1.27, 2.31)

0.000

38 (43.2)

2.47 (1.46, 4.17)

0.001

Known diabetic

       

No

1261

358 (28.4)

1.0

 

66 (18.7)

1.0

 

Yes

114

61 (53.5)

2.90 (1.97, 4.28)

0.000

33 (55.0)

5.29 (2.98, 9.41)

0.000