The Metabolic Syndrome and the immediate antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise: a randomized control design

Table 1 Mean (± SEM) fasting physical characteristics of the total sample and among those without and with the metabolic syndrome *

		Metabolic Syndrome
Variable	Total Sample (n = 46)	Without (n = 28)	With (n = 18)
Age (yr)	44.3 ± 1.3	45.0 ± 1.8	43.2 ± 2.1
Maximum Oxygen Consumption (ml·kg^-1·min^-1)	30.7 ± 0.9	30.7 ± 1.1	30.6 ± 1.5
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)	29.5 ± 0.7	29.0 ± 1.1	30.4 ± 0.6
Waist Circumference (cm)	102.4 ± 2.1	100.7 ± 3.1	105.0 ± 2.5
Awake Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)**	145.5 ± 1.6	145.6 ± 2.2	145.4 ± 2.4
Awake Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	86.3 ± 1.2	86.9 ± 1.6	85.3 ± 1.3
Insulin (pmol·L^-1)	80.0 ± 8.7	59.5 ± 7.0†	111.8 ± 17.1
Glucose(mmol·L^-1)	4.5 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.1
Homeostasis Model Assessment	2.3 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.2†	3.3 ± 0.6
Total Cholesterol (TCHOL) (mmol·L^-1)	5.0 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.3
High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol·L^-1)	1.10 ± 0.03	1.21 ± 0.04‡	0.93 ± 0.03
Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol·L^-1)	3.1 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.3
Total Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein Ratio (U)	4.7 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.2‡	5.4 ± 0.2
Triglycerides (mmol·L^-1)	1.6 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1‡	2.4 ± 0.3

* National Cholesterol Education metabolic syndrome diagnosis is established when three of five criteria are present [2]. The fasting criteria include: waist circumference > 102 cm; triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol·L^-1; high density lipoprotein-cholesterol <1.2 mmol·L^-1; blood pressure ≥ 130 and/or 85 mmHg; and glucose > 6.0 mmol·L^-1
** Awake blood pressure= ambulatory blood pressure averaged over the time period when men were awake and ambulating, i.e., day time blood pressure
†p < 0.01, p < 0.001 ‡ without vs with the Metabolic Syndrome

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