Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population (N = 14,114)

Age, mean years (STD)^*#

68.1 (10.5)

Male gender

13,802 (97.8%)

White race

12,040 (85.3%)

Married*

8,246 (58.4%)

Distance from home to medical center, mean miles (STD)

71.6 (203)

Prior myocardial infarction*

1,557 (11.0%)

Prior percutaneous coronary intervention^*#

1,278 (9.0%)

Prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery^*#

2,971 (21.0%)

Congestive heart failure^#

2,954 (20.9%)

Diabetes*

4,939 (35.0%)

Hypertension^*#

10,093 (71.5%)

Hyperlipidemia^*#

7,856 (55.7%)

Obese (BMI>30 kg/m²)^#

6,048 (42.8%)

Smoker

2,909 (20.6%)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease^#

4,201 (29.8%)

Cerebrovascular disease^#

1,542 (10.9%)

Peripheral vascular disease^#

1,613 (11.4%)

Renal disease

845 (6.0%)

Malignancy^#

1,711 (12.1%)