Table 4 Clinical data

Patients

12

12

Anthropometric (measured)

Height

178.5 ± 10.30

186.2 ± 11.74

0.106

Lower segment (cm)

93.58 ± 9.45

101.9 ± 10.95

0.058

Arm span (cm)

186.92 ± 13.78

189.6 ± 15.2

0.656

Foot size

42.2 ± 2.5

44.0 ± 3.1

0.148

Weight (kg)

74.9 ± 14.7

75.0 ± 17.0

0.989

Anthropometric (calculated)

Upper segment (cm)

85.0 ± 7.8

84.2 ± 9.9

0.839

Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m²)

23.4 ± 3.70

21.45 ± 3.62

0.204

Body surface area (m²)

1.92 ± 0.22

1.961 ± 0.27

0.686

Upper segment - Lower segment ratio (USLS)

0.918 ± 0.132

0.838 ± 0.147

0.176

Arm span - Height ratio (ASHR)

1.046 ± 0.042

1.018 ± 0.039

0.092

TGF-β serum level (ng/l)

43.78 ± 6.51

31.64 ± 4.99

<0.0001^*

Ghent nosology (%)

Mitral valve prolapse

58%

75%

0.667

Pectus carinatum

33%

67%

0.220

Pectus excavatum requiring surgery

17%

8%

1.000

Reduced upper to lower segment ratio

33%

50%

0.680

Increased arm span to height ratio

58%

17%

0.089

Wrist sign

83%

83%

1.000

Thumb sign

83%

83%

1.000

Scoliosis of > 20° or spondylolisthesis

83%

58%

0.370

Severe scoliosis

58%

42%

0.684

Reduced extension at the elbows

17%

8%

1.000

Medial displacement of the medial malleolus causing pes planus

33%

33%

1.000

Heel deformity

8%

17%

1.000

Pectus excavatum of moderate severity

25%

33%

1.000

Asymetric chest

33%

33%

1.000

Joint hypermobility

75%

42%

0.213

Highly arched palate with crowding of teeth

58%

42%

0.684

Facial appearance

50%

16%

0.400

Dolichocephaly

25%

17%

1.000

Enophtalmos

8%

8%

1.000

Retrognathia

42%

8%

0.155

Ectopia lentis

25%

17%

1.000

Myopia over 3 diopter

8%

17%

1.000

Increased axial length of globe

0%

8%

1.000

Spontaneous pneumothorax

8%

8%

1.000

Striae atrophicae (stretch marks)

92%

42%

0.027^*

Positive family history (%)

50%

50%

1.000

Sex (male)

4

9

0.099

Systemic score

7 [5-8]

7 [5.5-8]

0.860