Association of epicardial fat with left ventricular diastolic function in subjects with metabolic syndrome: assessment using 2-dimensional echocardiography

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Parameter	Total n = 1456	Subjects with metabolic syndrome n = 346	Subjects without metabolic syndrome n = 1140	p-value
Male, n (%)	995 (67.0%)	267 (77.2%)	728 (63.9%)	<0.001
Age, yrs	53 ± 9	55 ± 10	53 ± 9	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	117 ± 13	125 ± 13	115 ± 12	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	77 ± 10	82 ± 10	75 ± 9	<0.001
PP, mmHg	40 ± 9	43 ± 10	40 ± 9	<0.001
BMI, kg/m²	24 ± 3	26 ± 3	23 ± 3	<0.001
WC, cm	87 ± 8	93 ± 6	85 ± 7	<0.001
Glucose, mg/dL	101 ± 21	116 ± 32	97 ± 14	<0.001
T. cholesterol, mg/dL	196 ± 33	198 ± 38	195 ± 32	0.157
Triglyceride, mg/dL	120 ± 81	188 ± 115	100 ± 52	<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	51 ± 11	45 ± 9	53 ± 11	<0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	124 ± 29	126 ± 31	123 ± 29	0.101
hsCRP, mg/dL	0.15 ± 0.39	0.17 ± 0.32	0.14 ± 0.41	0.200
HbA1C, %	5.7 ± 0.7	6.1 ± 1.0	5.6 ± 0.5	<0.001
Echocardiography
EAT, mm	2.7 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 0.8	<0.001
LVIDd, mm	49 ± 4	50 ± 3	48 ± 4	<0.001
LVIDs, mm	28 ± 3	29 ± 3	28 ± 3	<0.001
LVEF,%	66 ± 6	66 ± 6	66 ± 6	0.526
LA, mm	40 ± 5	38 ± 5	35 ± 5	<0.001
E	0.59 ± 0.18	0.58 ± 0.27	0.60 ± 0.14	0.104
A	0.60 ± 0.25	0.65 ± 0.43	0.59 ± 0.16	0.004
DT	191 ± 60	198 ± 65	189 ± 58	0.014
E/A	1.0 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.4	<0.001
E/E’	9.0 ± 2.9	10.0 ± 3.3	8.7 ± 2.7	<0.001
E/E’ ≥ 15	57 (3.8%)	27 (7.8%)	30 (2.6%)	<0.001

BMI; body mass index, DT; deceleration time, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, EAT; epicardial adipose tissue, HbA1C; glycated hemoglobin, HDL; high-density lipoprotein, hsCRP; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LA; left atrium size, LVIDd; left ventricular diastolic dimension, LVEF; left ventricular ejection fraction, LVIDs; left ventricular systolic dimension, LDL; low-density lipoprotein, PP; pulse pressure, SBP; systolic blood pressure, T.chol; total cholesterol, WC; waist circumference.

ISSN: 1471-2261