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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted relations of high carbohydrate intake with PWV in study population and control subjects

From: Worsened arterial stiffness in high-risk cardiovascular patients with high habitual carbohydrate intake: a cross-sectional vascular function study

 

Univariate model

Multivariate model1

 

All subjects included (n = 457)

All subjects included (n = 457)

CVD/ risk equivalent (n = 364)

Healthy controls (n = 93)

 

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

Age

6.61 (5.39 to 7.83)

<0.001*

6.68 (5.42 to 7.94)

<0.001*

6.27 (4.93 to 7.61)

<0.001*

9.88 (5.77 to 13.99)

<0.001*

Male

28.08 (1.17 to 55.00)

0.041

33.38 (8.40 to 58.36)

0.009*

23.55 (-4.46 to 51.56)

0.099

67.87 (10.17 to 125.58)

0.022*

Diabetes mellitus

18.81 (-8.19 to 45.80)

0.172

46.34 (18.93 to 73.76)

0.001*

43.18 (15.22 to 71.14)

0.003*

150.75 (-88.20 to 389.71)

0.212

Hypertension

69.97 (44.07 to 95.87)

<0.001*

53.52 (27.82 to 79.21)

<0.001*

58.61 (30.39 to 86.83)

<0.001*

22.69 (-45.87 to 91.25)

0.511

Hyperlipidaemia

13.60 (-13.88 to 41.08)

0.331

      

Past or current smokers

49.39 (-67.71 to 166.48)

0.401

      

BMI

-1.14 (-5.07 to 2.79)

0.569

      

Medications

        

Beta-blocker

22.17 (-5.02 to 49.36)

0.110

-0.90 (-27.55 to 25.75)

0.95

0.29 (-27.35 to 27.92)

0.984

-17.61 (-130.81 to 95.60)

0.757

ACEI/ARB

19.31 (-29.41 to 68.03)

0.436

      

Statin

6.17 (-20.43 to 32.76)

0.649

      

Dietary energy intake

0.003 (-0.015 to 0.020)

0.769

      

Saturated fatty acid

-2.31 (-4.84 to 0.22)

0.074

-0.58 (-3.03 to 1.87)

0.643

0.47 (-2.42 to 3.35)

0.750

-3.39 (-8.07 to 1.28)

0.151

PUFA

-2.12 (-6.71 to 2.47)

0.364

      

MUFA

-4.97 (-2.33 to 1.33)

0.594

      

Fiber

-0.103 (-2.28 to 2.07)

0.926

      

CVD/risk equivalent 3

22.68 (-9.90 to 55.26)

0.172

-51.81 (-90.32 to -13.30)

0.008*

-

-

-

-

High carbohydrate diet (≧60%)

50.52 (-6.03 to 107.07)

0.080

52.46 (-3.09 to 108.01)

0.064

73.50 (10.81 to 136.19) Full Model Estimate2: 231.39 (87.19 to 375.58)

0.022* 0.003*

-28.52 (-147.83 to 90.80)

0.634

  1. CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body-mass index; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid; PWV, pulse wave velocity.
  2. 1Multivariate Model, adjusted for potential confounders with p-value <0.20 based on univariate analysis.
  3. 2Full Model – Entered and adjusted for all independent variables.
  4. 3CVD/Risk Equivalent – included coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and type II diabetes mellitus without prior coronary artery disease/ischemic stroke.
  5. *p-value<0.05.
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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