Explaining significant differences in subjective and objective measures of cardiovascular health: evidence for the socioeconomic gradient in a population-based study

Table 3 Associations [95% confidence intervals] between SES (education and wealth) and objectively measured hypertension, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol

	Education			Wealth
	No/primary	Secondary	Tertiary/higher	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile
Panel 1: Objectively Measured Hypertension^a
1) Not hypertensive	1 [Ref]	0.7 [−3.0 to 4.5]	5.5 [1.4 to 9.7]**	1 [Ref]	2.7 [−0.9 to 6.4]	4.7 [0.7 to 8.8]*
Hypertensive, divided in 3 sub-groups:
2) Optimally treated	1 [Ref]	−1.9 [−5.0 to 1.2]	−2.3 [−5.8 to 1.1]	1 [Ref]	1.4 [−1.8 to 4.5]	−1.6 [−5.2 to 2.0]
3) Sub-optimally treated	1 [Ref]	−0.6 [−3.7 to 2.4]	−1.1 [−4.6 to 2.5]	1 [Ref]	1.5 [−1.6 to 4.7]	1.1 [−2.6 to 4.8]
4) Untreated	1 [Ref]	1.8 [−1.6 to 5.3]	−2.2 [−6.1 to 1.8]	1 [Ref]	−5.6 [−9.3 to −1.9]**	−4.3 [−8.3 to −0.3]*
Panel 2: Objectively Measured Cholesterol^b
LDL-C
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	−0.02 [−0.09-0.05]	0.04 [−0.04-0.12]	1 [Ref]	0.01 [−0.07-0.10]	0.02 [−0.06-0.10]
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	−0.03[−0.10-0.05]	0.00[−0.08-0.09]	1 [Ref]	0.02 [−0.07-0.10]	0.00 [−0.09-0.09]
HDL-C
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	0.05 [0.02-0.08]**	0.11 [0.07-0.15]**	1 [Ref]	0.02 [−0.01-0.06]	0.09 [0.06-0.12]**
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	0.02 [−0.01-0.05]	0.05 [0.01-0.09]**	1 [Ref]	0.00 [−0.03-0.03]	0.03 [0.00-0.07]

Abbreviation: Ref, reference category.
^a1): SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg and not on antihypertensive medication (36%); 2): SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg and on antihypertensive medication (25.5%); 3): SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg and on antihypertensive medication (19.1%); 4): SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg and not on antihypertensive medication (19.3%). Multinomial logistic regression was performed, adjusting for age, sex, and covariates. Association is average marginal effect.
^bLinear regression was performed. Association is coefficient.
*Indicates statistical significance at the 5% level.
**Indicates statistical significance at the 1% level.

ISSN: 1471-2261