Explaining significant differences in subjective and objective measures of cardiovascular health: evidence for the socioeconomic gradient in a population-based study

Table 2 Associations [95% confidence intervals] between SES (education and wealth) and self-reported and objectively measured hypertension and hypercholesterolemia

	Education			Wealth
	No/primary	Secondary	Tertiary/higher	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile
Panel 1: Hypertension
Self-reported^a
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	0.83 [0.70–0.99]*	0.79 [0.65–0.95]*	1 [Ref]	1.04 [0.86–1.25]	0.84 [0.70–1.00]*
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	0.94 [0.77–1.14]	0.92 [0.74–1.15]	1 [Ref]	1.17 [0.95–1.45]	0.99 [0.79–1.25]
Objectively measured^a
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	0.83 [0.69–1.00]*	0.60 [0.50–0.73]**	1 [Ref]	0.78 [0.65–0.93]**	0.65 [0.55–0.77]**
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	0.96 [0.79–1.18]	0.74 [0.60–0.92]**	1 [Ref]	0.86 [0.71–1.05]	0.77 [0.62–0.95]*
Panel 2: Hypercholesterolemia
Self-reported^a
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	0.99 [0.84–1.17]	1.18 [0.99–1.41]	1 [Ref]	0.98 [0.82–1.17]	1.25 [1.06–1.48]**
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	0.98 [0.81–1.18]	1.13 [0.92–1.38]	1 [Ref]	0.96 [0.79–1.17]	1.28 [1.03–1.58]*
Objectively measured^a
Adjusted for age, sex	1 [Ref]	0.97[0.81–1.16]	1.19 [0.98–1.45]	1 [Ref]	1.10 [0.92–1.32]	1.10 [0.92–1.31]
Adjusted for age, sex & covariates	1 [Ref]	0.96 [0.80–1.16]	1.13 [0.90–1.42]	1 [Ref]	1.10 [0.91–1.34]	1.05 [0.85–1.30]

Abbreviation: Ref Reference category.
^aBinary logistic regression was performed. Association is odds ratio. The full list of covariates is presented in Table 1.
*Indicates statistical significance at the 5% level.
**Indicates statistical significance at the 1% level.

ISSN: 1471-2261