Table 1 Results of systematic review of hypertension awareness, treatment, control, and any associated factors from 44 studies in Africa, 1993-2013

Comoros

Solet JL , 2008 [14]

Islands

30–69

1268

44.0

33.0

27.0

Elderly more aware than the young

Eritrea

Mufunda, 2006 [15]

Rural and Urban

15–64

1160

1182

2342

15.6

20.0

Ethiopia

Muluneh AT, 2012 [16]

Rural and urban

15–64

2084

2385

4469

9.3

27.0

Awoke A , 2012 [17]

Urban

>35

679

28.3

63.0

42.2

Obesity and low physical activity associated with poor control

Tesfaye F, 2009 [18]

Urban

25–64

1398

1875

3713

31.5

35.2

11

28.0

Kenya

van de Vijver SJ, 2013 [19]

Urban slums

>18

2794

2396

5190

12.3

19.5

47

21.0

Jenson A, 2011 [20]

Coastal area

162

307

469

43.1

46.5

31.2

7.3

Women more aware OR 4.58 (1.81–11.64); better treated OR 4.02(1.89–8.54) and controlled OR 8.1(1.81–11.64) Older >60 more aware OR6.01(1.11–32.48), better treated OR3.22(1.00–10.32) and controlled 3.22(1.04–9.99)

Hendriks EM, 2011 [21]

Rural

>18

847

1264

2111

21.4

17.0

9

8.0

Mozambique

Damasceno et al., 2009 [22]

Rural and urban

25–64

1281

1800

3081

33.1

14.8

48.1

39.9

Women more aware (p < 0.007), better treated (P < 0.021) and better controlled (p < 0.001)

Seychelles

Bovet et al., 2004 [23]

Nationalwide survey

1255

568

1823

39.2

65.0

62

24.1

Women more aware, treated and controlled

Tanzania

Dewhurst et al., 2012 [25]

Elderly

>70

972

1251

2223

70.0

37.7

6.1

0.9

Men better treated, women more controlled

Hendriks EM, 2011 [21]

Urban

>18

423

623

1046

23.7

18.0

9

5.0

Bovet P.,2002 [24]

9254

3659

5645

29.1

31.0

11

6.5

Women, better educated well controlled

Edwards R et al., 2000 [26]

Rural and urban

>15

402

526

928

30.0

20.0

10

<1.0

No difference in rural and urban

Uganda

Musinguzi, 2013 [27]

Rural

>15

4563

2940

1623

27.2

28.2

51.6

9.4

Women more aware, controlled

Angola

Pires JE, 2013[28]

Mainly urban

18-64

853

611

1,464

23.0

21.6

13.9

33.0

Awareness, higher in women (p < 0.001); older subjects (p < 0.0001); non-smokers (p < 0.009). Lower in heavy alcohol drinkers (p < 0.007)

Cameroon

Kamadjeu RM et al., 2006 [29]

Nationwide survey

>15

4007

6004

10,011

24.1

23.0

40.0

Older age, longer duration of HTN predicted awareness and treatment

Dzudie A et al., 2012 [30]

Nationwide screen

>15

2120

1117

1,003

47.5

37.1

59.9

24.6

DRC. (Kinshasa)

Katchunga PB, 2011 [31]

Rural and urban

>20

699

40.2

42.5

30.5

13.6

Gabon

Ngoungou EB, 2012 [32]

>40

313

423

736

51.9

9.9

19.4

5.8

Zimbambwe

Matenga, 1996 [33]

> 34

749

33.3

26.1

22.4

47.8

Algeria

Temmar M, 2007 [34]

Urban > rural

40–99

637

711

1348

44.0

30.0

25.0

Women controlled better than men (p < 0.001)

Nejjari C et al., 2013 [35]

Multinational

>18

27296

17339

10292

45.4

7.0

91.2

37.5

Control better in urban areas (p < 0.00001), younger (p < 0.01), female(p < 0.01); university level (p < 0.00001); non-smokers (p < 0.0001); those with normal BMI (p < 0.00001); normal cholesterol level (p < 0.01)

Egypt

Ibrahim MM, 1995 [36]

Nationwide survey

25–95

2928

3804

6733

36.3

37.5

23.9

8.0

Better awareness, treatment and control in urban vs. rural. Better awareness and treatment in those with severe HTN. Better awareness and control in women and elderly

Tunisia

Romdhane BH, 2012 [37]

Nationwide survey

35–70

8007

30.6

38.8

84.4

24.1

Awareness better in older age group, females, lower education, urban subjects

Hammami, 2011 [38]

Urban elderly

>65

202

396

598

52.0

81.0

78.0

30.7

Awareness better in elderly population, those with free medications & the insured

Romdhane BH, 2005 [38]

40–60

1837

44.0

41.0

74.0

18.0

South Africa

Maepe LM, 2012 [50]

Gold miners

18–69

3867

430

4297

39.5

42.0

31.0

Malhotra R, 2008 [51]

107

530

637

40.0

49.2

Younger age associated with better awareness; 35–54 yrs [OR 0.33 (0.19–0.57)] and 55 yrs [OR 0.27 (0.14–0.54)] c.f age 18–34

Steyn K, 2008 [52]

Nationwide

5738

8064

13801

21.0

M-41 F-67

M-39 f-58

M-26 F 38

Better control predicted by SES: richest vs poorest OR 2.33(1.17–4.62) ; Race asian vs black OR 1.76(1.03–3.02); Age: oldest age group vs youngest OR 26.23 (4.92–141); Insurance: non-insured vs insured OR 0.59 (0.38–0.91)

Namibia

Hendriks EM, 2011 [21]

Urban

>18

771

962

1733

38.0

38.0

17

12

Benin

Houinato DS, 2012 [40]

3461

3392

6853

27.9

22.5

4.8

1.9

Ghana

Agyemang, 2006 [41]

Rural urban

>16

787

644

1431

29.4

34.0

28

6.2

Awareness better in older age (≥50-yr olds cf 16-34-yr olds [OR = 6.14, (2.98–12.64). Treatment better in older age ≥50-year-olds OR: 6.25 ( 2.87–13.62); overweight OR 1.85(1.02, 3.34); traders OR 2.51(1.03–7.40]) Control better in traders OR 2.51 (1.03–7.40) but poor in old age: ≥50-year-olds OR 0.11( 0.01–0.60)

Addo, 2006 [42]

Rural

>18

107

255

362

22.4

33.2

16.7

Amoah, 2003 [63]

Urban

>25

1893

2840

4733

28.3

34.0

18

4.0

Nigeria

Ulasi II, 2011 [44]

Market community

379

352

731

54.2

49.8

Oladapo OO, 2010 [45]

873

1127

2000

39.2

14.2

18.6

Transport, lack of drugs at health units, competing priorities

Hendriks EM, 2011 [21]

Rural, multinational

>18

1247

1431

2678

19.3

8.0

5.0

3.0

Omuemu, 2007 [46]

Rural

590

20.2

18.5

77.3

29.2

Women more aware, educated, elderly

Ekwunife, 2010 [47]

>18

364

392

756

21.1

30.0

21.0

9.0

Men more aware, women more controlled

Senegal

Macia E, 2012 [48]

Urban

>50

263

237

500

64.5

49.5

70.6

17.4

Better awareness for women OR 2.4(1.41–4.07); elderly > 70 yrs OR 2.15(1.11–4.17) but worse for the educated > 8 years OR 2.15 (1.01–4.6 ); those who had not visited HCW within the year OR 0.37 ( 0.23–0.6) Better treatment and control for those who had visited HCW within the last year (P < 0.001)

Togo

Yayehd K, 2011 [49]

2002

1095

905

36.7

42.4