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Table 2 Characteristics of study participants by their overall cardiovascular risk

From: Identification of effective screening strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in a developing country: using cardiovascular risk-estimation and risk-reduction tools for policy recommendations

 

Overall

Low risk

Intermediate risk

High risk

p value

Variables

     

Age

49.4 (0.01)

48.4 (0.03)

49.7 (0.03)

52.9 (0.13)

 

Male sex

49.6

40

55

64.3

<0.001

Race

    

0.008

Malay

48.4

47.2

48.3

50.9

 

Chinese

29.6

28.3

30.3

31.5

 

Asian Indian

7.8

7.9

8.2

7.4

 

Others

14.2

16.6

13.2

10.1

 

Residence

    

0.007

Urban

60.8

64.3

58

55.8

 

Rural

39.2

35.7

42

44.2

 

Education (Years of schooling)

    

<0.001

Tertiary (≥ 13 years)

7.8

11.1

5.8

2.8

 

Secondary (7–12 years)

41.7

54.3

33.7

22.9

 

Primary (≤6 years)

35.4

26.4

40.9

49

 

Household income

    

<0.001

<RM2000

62.4

57.1

64.4

71.4

 

RM2000-3999

23.9

26.3

23.1

19.8

 

≥RM4000

13.7

16.6

12.5

8.8

 

Prevalences of CV risk factors

     

Smoking

22.2 (20.3, 24.3)

16.6 (14.8, 18.5)

25.9 (23.8, 28.0)

30.7 (27.7, 33.8)

<0.001

Central obesity

44.6 (42.6, 46.5)

38.4 (36.7, 40.2)

48.5 (45, 51.9)

53.8 (51, 56.5)

<0.001

Hypertension

50.1 (48.1, 52.2)

26.1 (24.4, 28.1)

64.3 (62.2, 66.5)

87 (85.9, 88)

<0.001

Hypercholesterolemia

30.3 (27.7, 33)

23.2 (21.0, 25.5)

35.9 (32.6, 39.3)

40.1 (36.8, 43.6)

<0.001

Diabetes

15.2 (13.8, 16.7)

4 (3.4, 4.6)

15.4 (13.7, 17.3)

37.3 (33.7, 41)

<0.001

  1. Data are % for categorical variables, mean (se) for continuous variables & prevalence (95%CI) for risk factors.
  2. CV cardiovascular.
  3. Smoking; current smokers who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, and smoked daily or for some days in.
  4. The previous month.
  5. Central obesity; men, 90 cm and women, 80 cm [25].
  6. Hypertension; SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg [26], or use of anti-hypertensive medication.
  7. Hypercholesterolemia; total cholesterol level ≥ 5.2 mmol/l [27] or use of lipid lowering drugs.
  8. Diabetes; fasting glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l [28] or self reported to be diabetic.