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Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors for AKI

From: Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) predicts renal injury in acute decompensated cardiac failure: a prospective observational study

FACTOR

AKI

No AKI

Odds ratio

(95%CI)

P value

NGAL > 89 ng/ml

15/22 (68%)

20/68 (29%)

5.1 (1.8-14.5)

0.003*

NGAL > 149 ng/ml

10/22 (45%)

8/68 (12%)

6.1 (2.0-18.8)

0.002*

Age ≥ 80 years

10/22 (45%)

33/68 (49%)

1.3 (0.4-3.3)

0.81

eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2

19/22 (86%)

35/68 (51%)

6.0 (1.6-22.0)

0.005*

Diabetes

10/22 (45%)

32/68 (47%)

0.9 (0.4-2.5)

0.90

Hypertension

16/22 (72%)

45/68 (66%)

1.4 (0.5-3.9)

0.57

Loop diuretic ↑1

15/22 (68%)

43/68 (63%)

1.2 (0.4-3.5)

0.64

Nephrotoxic drug2

7/22 (32%)

25/68 (37%)

0.8 (0.3-2.2)

0.64

IV Contrast

6/22 (27%)

15/68 (22%)

1.3 (0.4-4.0)

0.64

Sepsis

1/22 (4%)

1/68 (1.5%)

3.2 (0.2-54.0)

0.43

Shock

2/22 (9%)

4/68 (6%)

1.6 (0.3-9.4)

0.63

Myocardial Infarction

6/22 (27%)

9/68 (13%)

2.5 (0.8-8.0)

0.19

Urinary Infection

3/22 (14%)

5/68 (7%)

2.0 (0.4-9.1)

0.40

  1. *p < 0.05
  2. 1 Introduction of loop diuretic or increase in usual dose of ≥ 50% over baseline for at least 24 hours (including bolus doses)
  3. 2 At least one dose of agent with potential renal toxicity including ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, spironolactone, aminoglycoside antibiotic etc.