Table 1 Clinical characteristics related to the utilization of disease-modifying treatments in the study population
| Â | Total study population | ACEI or ARB and Beta-blockers | ACEI or ARB | Beta-blockers | Aldosterone antagonist | None |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | (N = 28922) | (N = 6261) | (N = 9540) | (N = 2837) | (N = 2007) | (N = 8277) |
| Â | N (%) | 21.7% total | 33.0% total | 9.8% total | 6.9% total | 28.6% total |
Mean age (SD) | 77.5 (7.0) | 76.7 (6.8)* | 77.7 (7.0) | 76.8 (6.7)* | 78.4 (6.9) | 77.9 (7.2) |
Age group, y | ||||||
 65-74 | 10296 (35.6) | 2477 (39.6)* | 3299 (34.6) | 1117 (39.4)** | 604 (30.1)* | 2799 (33.8) |
 75-84 | 13776 (47.6) | 2929 (46.8) | 4563 (47.8) | 1341 (47.3) | 1024 (51.0) | 3919 (47.4) |
 85- | 4850 (16.8) | 855 (13.7) | 1678 (17.6) | 379 (13.4) | 379 (18.9) | 1559 (18.8) |
Sex | ||||||
 Women | 20927 (72.4) | 4420 (70.6)* | 6885 (72.2) | 2123 (74.8)* | 1489 (74.2) | 6010 (72.6) |
Healthcare provider specialty | ||||||
 Internal medicine | 27035 (93.5) | 6028 (96.3)** | 9108 (95.5)** | 2651 (93.4)** | 1853 (92.3)** | 7395 (89.3) |
 Others | 1887 (6.5) | 233 (3.7) | 432 (4.5) | 186 (6.6) | 154 (7.7) | 882 (10.7) |
Type of hospital | ||||||
 Primary hospital | 372 (3.0) | 55 (0.9)** | 188 (2.0)** | 102 (3.6)** | 86 (4.3)** | 441 (5.3) |
 Secondary hospital | 9801 (33.9) | 1035 (16.5) | 2800 (29.6) | 1035 (36.5) | 1018 (50.7) | 3913 (47.3) |
 Tertiary hospital | 18249 (63.1) | 5171 (82.6) | 6552 (68.7) | 1700 (59.9) | 903 (45.0) | 3923 (47.4) |
Residence area | ||||||
 Urban | 15441 (53.4) | 3994 (63.8)** | 5384 (56.4)** | 1435 (50.6)* | 778 (38.8)** | 3850 (46.5) |
 Rural | 13481 (46.6) | 2267 (36.2) | 4156 (43.6) | 1402 (49.4) | 1229 (61.2) | 4427 (53.5) |
Source of prescription | ||||||
 Outpatient | 22046 (76.2) | 5165 (82.5) | 8295 (86.9) | 2385 (84.1) | 1731 (86.2) | 4470 (54 ) |
Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
 Angina | 4413 (15.3) | 1378 (22.0)** | 1485 (15.6)** | 509 (17.9)** | 193 (17.9) | 848 (10.3) |
 Myocardial infarction | 3078 (10.6) | 981 (15.7)** | 1049 (11.0)** | 289 (10.2)** | 141 (7.0) | 618 (7.5) |
 Transient ischemic stroke | 4609 (15.9) | 1027 (16.4) | 1364 (14.3)** | 515 (18.2) | 325 (16.2) | 1378 (16.7) |
 Peripheral artery disease | 1255 (4.3) | 329 (5.3)* | 379 (4.0) | 141 (5.0)* | 70 (3.5) | 336 (4.1) |
 Arterial fibrillation or flutter | 5720 (19.8) | 1780 (28.4)** | 2089 (21.9)** | 567 (20.0)** | 362 (18.0)** | 922 (11.1) |
 Valvular heart disease | 2548 (8.8) | 846 (13.5)** | 981 (10.3)** | 197 (6.9)** | 137 (6.8)** | 387 (4.7) |
Medical history | ||||||
 Hypertension | 11394 (39.4) | 2149 (34.3)** | 3756 (39.4)* | 1364 (48.1)** | 670 (33.4)** | 3455 (41.7) |
 Diabetes mellitus | 9882 (34.2) | 2607 (41.6)** | 3454 (36.2)** | 892 (31.4)* | 591 (29.5) | 2338 (28.3) |
 Hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia | 6624 (22.9) | 2041 (32.6)** | 2279 (23.9)** | 637 (22.5)** | 349 (17.4) | 1318 (15.9) |
 End-stage renal disease | 1884 (6.5) | 622 (9.9)** | 574 (6.0)* | 183 (6.5)* | 97 (4.8) | 408 (4.9) |
 Chronic lung disease | 9829 (34.0) | 2041 (32.6) | 3516 (36.9)** | 850 (30.0) | 832 (41.5)** | 2610 (31.5) |
 Chronic liver disease | 4474 (15.5) | 983 (15.7) | 1521 (15.9) | 423 (14.9) | 325 (16.2) | 1222 (14.8) |
 Systemic cancer | 1389 (4.8) | 329 (5.3)* | 493 (5.2) | 120 (4.2) | 84 (4.2) | 363 (4.4) |
 Dementia | 2000 (6.9) | 320 (5.1)** | 548 (5.7)** | 210 (7.4)* | 161 (8.0) | 761 (9.2) |
 Depression | 1517 (5.3) | 334 (5.3) | 477 (5.0) | 153 (5.4) | 108 (5.4) | 445 (5.4) |
Concomitant medication | ||||||
 Diuretics | 20810 (76.7) | 5484 (88.2)** | 7886 (84.1)** | 1958 (71.0)** | 1702 (86.8)** | 3780 (55.6) |
 Calciumchannel blockers | 9944 (36.7) | 2408 (38.7) | 3139 (33.5)* | 1224 (44.4)** | 542 (27.7)** | 2631 (38.7) |
 Nitrates | 7282 (26.9) | 2546 (41.0)** | 2514 (26.8)** | 795 (28.8)** | 352 (18.0)* | 1075 (15.8) |
 Digoxin | 11913 (43.9) | 2918 (46.9)** | 4569 (48.7)** | 1072 (38.9)** | 1036 (52.9)** | 2318 (34.1) |
 Inotropics | 5286 (19.5) | 1660 (26.7)** | 1813 (19.3)* | 358 (13.0)** | 282 (14.4)* | 1173 (17.2) |
 Amiodarone | 986 (3.6) | 359 (5.8)** | 353 (3.8)** | 94 (3.4)* | 37 (1.9) | 143 (2.1) |
 Hydralazine | 427 (1.6) | 141 (2.3)** | 116 (1.2) | 55 (2.0)* | 22 (1.1) | 93 (1.4) |
 Lipid lowering agents | 4465 (16.5) | 1667 (26.8)** | 1509 (16.1)** | 459 (16.6)** | 175 (8.9) | 655 (9.6) |
 Anti-diabetic medication | 6453 (23.8) | 1851 (29.8)** | 2302 (24.5)** | 600 (21.8)* | 374 (19.1) | 1326 (19.5) |
 Anti-thrombotics | 17473 (64.4) | 5024 (80.8)** | 6299 (67.2)** | 1860 (67.4)** | 1050 (53.6)** | 3240 (47.6) |