Table 6 Difference in left ventricular rotational parameters between participants with dilated cardiomyopathy as compared to healthy controls

Buakhamsri et al. 2009 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 19 2D-STE***

No

↓

DCM separated into sub-groups who had either a wide or narrow QRS complex. Narrow-QRS group had reduced untwisting velocity as compared to controls while wide-QRS complex had a further reduced untwisting velocity.

van Dalen et al. 2010 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 19 2D-STE***

Yes

↓

↔

↓

↓

↓

↑

Liu et al. 2010 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 19 2D-VVI***

Yes

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

Popescu et al. 2009 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 19 2D-STE**

No

↓

↓

↓

DCM were separated into sub-groups who had normal or reversed apical rotation. Torsion was lower in those with normal rotation compared to controls. Torsion was further reduced in those with opposite apical rotation (essentially torsion was lost). Basal rotation was not different between the two DCM groups. 31/50 participants had opposite rotation at either the base or the apex.

Meluzin et al. 2009 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 18 2D-STE***

Yes

↓

↓

↓

↓

18/37 participants had opposite rotation of either the apex or base.

Saito et al. 2009 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 18 2D-STE**

Yes

↓

↓

↓

↓

↑

Kanzaki et al. 2006 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 17 MRI Tagging

No

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

In those with DCM, the apex turned with the base at mid-systole and did not rotate counter clockwise throughout contraction as in healthy controls.

van Dalen et al. 2008 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 17 2D-STE***

Yes

↓

↔

↓

↔

Sade et al. 2008 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 15 2D-STE**

No

↓

↓

↓

↓

↑

DCM separated into sub-groups who had either ischemic or non-ischemic disease. Both groups had similar LV rotation characteristics. 15/34 participants had opposite rotation at either the base or the apex.