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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the cohort, divided by cases and controls, for the primary case–control analysis

From: Patterns of beta-blocker intensification in ambulatory heart failure patients and short-term association with hospitalization

Characteristic

OVERALL

CASE Rehospitalized

CONTROL Not rehospitalized during same time interval from index hospital discharge

 

N = 3227

N = 1674

N = 1674

β-Blocker Intensification in Prior 30-Days

 

39 (2.3%)

27 (1.6%)

Matching variables

   

Age, years, median (IQR)

76.1 (67.2-83.5)

75.8 (68.6-82.9)

75.8 (68.5-82.9)

Female Gender

1715 (53.2%)

895 (53.5%)

895 (53.5%)

Year of Index Hospitalization

   

2001

409 (12.7%)

229 (13.7%)

229 (13.7%)

2002

393 (12.2%)

220 (13.1%)

220 (13.1%)

2003

362 (11.2%)

222 (13.3%)

222 (13.3%)

2004

401 (12.4%)

247 (14.8%)

247 (14.8%)

2005

438 (13.6%)

261 (15.6%)

261 (15.6%)

2006

354 (11.0%)

186 (11.1%)

186 (11.1%)

2007

358 (11.1%)

176 (10.5%)

176 (10.5%)

2008

344 (10.7%)

123 (7.3%)

123 (7.3%)

2009

168 (5.2%)

10 (0.6%)

10 (0.6%)

LVSD at index hosp

1108 (37.0%)

574 (34.3%)

574 (34.3%)

Covariates

   

History of Myocardial Infarction

427 (13.2%)

245 (14.6%)

182 (10.9%)

History of Atrial Fibrillation

1422 (44.1%)

759 (45.3%)

748 (44.7%)

History of Diabetes

1457 (45.1%)

836 (49.9%)

732 (43.7%)

History of COPD

1230 (38.1%)

707 (42.2%)

614 (36.7%)

History of Chronic Liver Disease

67 (2.1%)

33 (2.0%)

25 (1.5%)

Systolic BP preceding readmission or matched time period, mmHg, median (IQR)

122 (110–139)

122 (110–138)

124 (110–140)

Diastolic BP preceding readmission or matched time period, mmHg, median (IQR)

68 (60–78)

68 (60–78)

70 (60–78)

Heart rate preceding readmission or matched control time period, bpm, median (IQR)

54 (42–68)

53 (42–67)

55 (44–66)

CrCl preceding readmission or matched control time period, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR)

50.2 (34.9-65.6)

49.8 (34.3-65.1)

55.2 (41.0-71.2)

β-Blocker Use (at anytime in follow up)

   

Atenolol

551 (17.1%)

307 (18.3%)

334 (20.0%)

Carvedilol

222 (6.9%)

113 (6.8%)

104 (6.2%)

Metoprolol Succinate

526 (16.3%)

266 (15.9%)

261 (15.6%)

Metoprolol Tartrate

1079 (33.4%)

634 (37.9%)

606 (36.2%)

Other β-Blocker

57 (1.8%)

31 (1.9%)

38 (2.3%)

No β-Blocker

792 (24.54%)

322 (19.2%)

331 (19.8%)

Switch β-Blocker Type During Follow Up

538 (2.1%)

343 (25.4%)

311 (23.2%)

  1. *869 controls subsequently became cases due to hospital readmission at a time further from the index hospitalization, and thus are represented in both columns; 748 patients in the “all cohort” did not qualify as a case or a control.
  2. SD = standard deviation; LVSD = left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF < =40% or moderate/severe LV systolic dysfunction); LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BP = blood pressure; mmHg = millimeters mercury; CrCl = creatinine clearance; mL = milliliter; min = minute; m = meter.
  3. All cells have complete data for the entire cohort, except for blood pressure and heart rate (n = 3,218), and serum creatinine (n = 3,202).